Revisions Of Ten Families From China And The Studies Of Morphology And Phylogeny Of Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

This dissertation deals with the revisions of Chinese species of Artheneidae, Blissidae, Cymidae, Ninidae, Geocoridae, Heterogastridae, Lygaeidae (s. str.), Oxycarenidae, Pachygronthidae and Malcidae (Chauliopinae), and the fine structures of morphological characters and phylogeny of Lygaeoidea. It comprises four sections, the general introduction, the revisionary taxonomy, the fine structure of cuticle of adult, and the phylogenetic analysis of Lygaeoidea.The general introduction includes a brief research history and an illustration and measurement of general morphology of Lygaeoidea, material and method used in this disertation, and the summary of biology and economic importance of Lygaeoidea.The revisionary taxonomy of ten families of Chinese Lygaeoidea followed the classification of Henry (1997a),231 species in 63 genera under 10 families were recognized from China.14 species of these species were described as new to science (including five species published in 2009 and 2010:Chauliops conica Gao et Bu, 2009, Chauliops quaternaria Gao et Bu,2009, Macropes complanus Gao et Bu,2010, Macropes peculiaris Gao et Bu,2010, Macropes testaceus Gao et Bu,2010); Cymodema yunnanensis sp. nov., Cymus carneus sp.nov., Cymus latus sp. nov., Dimorphopterus similis sp. nov., Leptodemus pallidus sp. nov., Microplax curvata sp. nov., Microplax recta sp. nov., Pachygrontha ruiliensis sp. nov., Pylorgus ochraceus sp. nov. and Pylorgus striatus sp. nov..One genus was reported from China for the first time:Metopoplax Fieber,1860. Eight species were reported from China for the first time:Arocatus melanocephalus (Fabricius,1798), Artheneis kiritshenkoi Kerzhner,1997, Cymodema tabidum Spinola, 1837, Cymus claviculus (Fallen,1807), Henestaris irroratus Horvath,1892, Macropes dilutus Distant,1901, Macropes varipennis (Walker,1872), Metopoplax origani (Kolenati,1845).Macropes bambusiphilus Zheng & Zou,1982 and Macropes slateri Zheng & Wang,1987 were proposed as the new synonyms of Macropes robustus Zheng & Zou, 1982. One species was noted as misidentification:some specimens of misidentified as Artheneis alutacea Fieber,1861 are Artheneis intricata Putshkov,1969, the other specimens are Artheneis kiritshenkoi Kerzhner,1997.Complementary information of the recorded species from China were provided, which included remeasurements and variations of morphological characters, complementary descriptions and new distributing data of some species. Most of the type specimens deposited in China were checked.427 photographs and 49 illustrations of the male genitalia of 127 species in 48 genera, and 229 photographs of bodies of 183 species were provided. Keys to Chinese taxa were revised. Citations of each taxon were listed.The fine structures of abdominal trichobothria of 83 representative species in the Trichophora (Hemiptera-Heteroptera:Pentatomomorpha), among them 71 species of 14 families in Lygaeoidea (36 species of Rhyparochromidae were referenced from Shi (2007),3 species of 3 families in Coreoidea,2 species of 2 families in Pyrrhocoroidea, and 7 sepecies of 3 families in Pentatomoidea, were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that abdominal trichobothria of Trichophora could be divided into twelve types based on the fine structures of trichoma and bothrium. The evolutionary trends of the twelve types of abdominal trichobothia were speculated. The distributional patterns of different lengths of trichs on sternites of abdomen were illustrated. The diversification of trichobothria indicates that the fine structures of abdominal trichobothria are valuable in taxonomy of Trichophora. The function of abdominal trichobothria was also discussed.The fine structures of cuticles from head to abdomen of six species of Chauliops were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four to nine cleaned specimens of each species were selected, and the taxonomic significance of the fine structure of each morpholocial character was discussed.The last part was the phylogenetic analysis of taxa within Lygaeoidea. The data matrix was revised from Henry(1997a), Dong & Zheng (1997) and Xue (2004), some characters were modified or deleted,26 new characters were added, especially those of fine structures of scent gland cuticle and abdominal trichobothria. Pyrrhcocoroidea and Coreoidea were selected as outgroups,41 groups of Lygaeoidea were used as ingroups. Total 46 taxa and 114 characters were analysed by software PAUP (version 4.0). The result of 50% major rule consensus tree revealed that (1) Lygeaoidea is a monophyletic group;(2) Traditional Lygaeidae is a paraphyletic group; (3) Henestarinae and Lygaeidae (s. str.) are supported as sister taxa; (4) Pachygronthidae might be a paraphyletic group;(5) Lethaeini, instead of Plinthisinae as mentioned by Henry (1997a), is the basal lineage of Rhyparochromidae.