| Paraonidae and Spionidae belong to the Class Polychaeta, Phylum Annelida. They are distributed all over the world, particularly the tropical, subtropical and temperate oceanal regions, as important roles in the marine ecosystems in these areas. They are very common in China seas. However, the knowledge of these two families from China seas is poor; there have no systematical studies on their Chinese faunas appeared, except for a few records of species. This is mainly because the taxonomic study on these two families is very difficult. The body sizes of species of these two families are usually small and the key taxonomic characteristics such as those on the head are easily embedded into the body or shrank when the animal is affrighted or conserved in ethanol or formalin.As the importance of paranoid and spionid faunas in China seas, it is necessary to develop the taxonomic and fauna studies on these two families from Chinese waters.After carefully checking the specimens deposited in the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Qingdao, China), 57 species belonging to 20 genera are recorded in the present paper, including seven new species and 13 new record species from China seas, in which, 18 species four genera belong to Paraonidae, 39 species 16 genera belong to Spionidae. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and distributions of all the identified species are provided in the present paper, as well as the revisions of their systematic positions.Analysis of the faunistic characters of these two families reveals that the fauna of Chinese Paraonidae and Spionidae belongs to that of Indo-Malay Subregion. Paraonidae has two Chinese endemic species, 11 percent of total amount; Spionidae has nine Chinese endemic species, 23 percent of total amount. The fauna of Paraonidae from China seas are similar to those from Japanese and Russian coastal waters. The fauna of Spionidae from China seas are similar to those from Japanese and Australian coastal waters.List of Chinese Paraonidae and Spionidae speciesFamily Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909Genus Aricidea Webster, 1879Subgenus Aricidea (Acmira) Hartley, 1981. *Aricidea (Acmira) finitima Strelzov, 19792. Aricidea (Acmira) simplex (Day, 1963)3. Aricidea (Acmira) sp.Subgenus Aricidea (Aedicira) Hartman, 19574. Aricidea (Aedicira) belgicae (Fauvel, 1936)5. Aricidea (Aedicira) pacifica Hartman, 1944Subgenus Aricidea (Allia) Strelzov, 19796. Aricidea (Allia) claudiae Laubier, 19677. Aricidea (Allia) curviseta Day, 19638. Aricidea (Allia) facilis Strelzov, 19799. Aricidea (Allia) nolani Webster & Benedict, 18870. *Aricidea (Allia) pulchra Strelzov, 19791. Aricidea (Allia) quadrilobata Webster & Benedict, 1887Subgenus Aricidea (Aricidea) Webster, 18792. Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis Day, 19613. Aricidea (Aricidea) fragilis Webster, 1879 Genus Cirrophorus Ehlers, 19084. Cirrophorus branchiatus Ehlers, 19085. Cirrophorus furcatus (Hartman, 1957)6. Cirrophorus neapolitanus pacificus Zhao & Wu, 1990Genus Levinsenia Mesnil, 18977. Levinsenia gracilis japonica (Imajima, 1973)Genus Paraonella Strelzov, 19798. *Paraonella platybranchia (Hartman, 1961)Family Spionidae Grube, 1850Genus Aonides Claparède, 1864. Aonides oxycephala (Sars, 1862)Genus Dispio Hartman, 19512. **Dispio protubero sp. nov.Genus Laonice Malmgren, 18673. Laonice cirrata (Sars, 1851)4. Laonice sinica Sikorski & Wu, 1998Genus Microspio Mesnil, 18965. **Microspio multidentata sp. nov.Genus Malacoceros Quatrefages, 18436. Malacoceros indicus (Fauvel, 1928)Polydora complexGenus Boccardia Carazzi, 18937. Boccardia proboscidea Hartman, 1940Genus Boccardiella Blake & Kudenov, 19788. Boccardiella hamata (Webster, 1879)Genus Polydora Bosc, 18029. Polydora cornuta Bosc, 18020. Polydora pilikia Ward, 19811. Polydora triglanda Radashevsky & Hsieh, 2000 2. **Polydora vicina sp. nov.Genus Pseudopolydora Czerniavsky, 18813. Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1870)4. Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern, 1921)5. Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda, 1937)6. Pseudopolydora reticulata Radashevsky & Hsieh, 2000Prionospio complexGenus Apoprionospio Foster, 19697. *Apoprionospio kirrae (Wilson, 1990)Genus Paraprionospio Caullery, 19148. *Paraprionospio coora Wilson, 19909. **Paraprionospio cristata sp. nov.20. *Paraprionospio inaequibranchia (Caullery, 1914)Genus Prionospio Malmgren, 1867Subgenus Prionospio (Aquilaspio) Foster, 197121. *Prionospio (Aquilaspio) convexa Imajima, 1990Subgenus Prionospio (Minuspio) Foster, 197122. Prionospio (Minuspio) japonica Okuda, 193523. *Prionospio (Minuspio) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927Subgenus Prionospio (Prionospio) Malmgren, 186724. *Prionospio (Prionospio) bocki S?derstr?m, 192025. *Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Maciolek, 198526. Prionospio (Prionospio) pacifica sp. nov.27. *Prionospio (Prionospio) paradisea Imajima, 199028. Prionospio (Prionospio) saccifera Mackie & Hartley, 199029. Prionospio (Prionospio) sishaensis Wu & Chen, 1964Genus Rhychospio Hartman, 193630. Rhychospio glutaea (Ehlers, 1897)Genus Scolelepis Blainvill, 182831. Scolelepis (Parascolelepis) globosa Wu & Chen, 1964 32. **Scolelepis (Scolelepis) daphoinos sp. nov.33. Scolelepis (Scolelepis) lefebvrei (Gravier, 1905)34. *Scolelepis (Scolelepis) lingulata Imajima, 199235. *Scolelepis (Scolelepis) variegata Imajima, 1992Genus Spio Fabricius, 178536. Spio martinensis Mesnil, 1896Genus Spiophanes Grube, 186037. Spiophanes bombyx (Claparéde, 1870)38. Spiophanes duplex (Chamberlin, 1919)39. **Spiophanes fuscatus sp. nov.Brief descriptions of the new species:Dispio protubero sp. nov.Diagnosis. Prostomium elongated. Carnucle extending posteriorly to setiger 1, terminating with remarkable protuberance. Median antenna absent. Eyes absent. Peristomium somewhat fused to setiger 1, forming distinct lateral winglike expansions (Fig. 17A). Palps missing.Setiger 1 reduced, with notopodial postsetal lamellae completely fused with branchiae (Fig. 17B); notopodial postsetal lamellae in anterior setigers long, narrow with slight serrations, almost entirely fused with branchiae (Figs. 17C, D); with free distal pointed tips from around setiger 40 (Fig. 17E). Neuropodial postsetal lamellae round in anterior setigers, subtriangular from around setiger 30 to posterior setigers. Neuropodial presetal lamellae thick and round, from setiger 2 to posterior setigers; smaller than corresponding neuropodial postsetal lamellae.Branchiae present from setiger 1, fused with notopodial postsetal lamellae; continuing posteriorly to end of body, with accessory branchiae on branchiae 5-16.Long capillary setae absent on notopodia of setiger 1. All anterior setae capillaries, arranged in two rows on both rami; anterior row thick, heavy granulated, posterior row thin capillaries without obvious sheathes (Figs. 17F, G). Sabre setae in neuropodia present from setiger 10 to end of body, numbering 2 in a series (Fig. 17H). Neuropodial hooked hooks from about setiger 30, unidentate, with open hoods (Fig. 17I), with capillaries (Fig. 17J), 4-10 in a series. Modified hooked hooks absent on posterior notopodia.Pygidium unknown.Etymology. From the Latin protubero (protuberance), referring to the remarkable protuberance in the posterior part of the prostomium.Microspio multidentata sp. nov.Diagnosis. Prostomium weakly rounded across anterior margin, continuing posteriorly as carnucle to middle of setiger 2. Eyes absent. Median antenna absent. Peristomium fused to setiger 1 forming low lateral winglike expansions (Fig. 21A). Palps missing.Setiger 1 reduced, without notopodial postsetal lamellae and notopodial setae; with well-developed neuropodial postsetal lamellae and setal fascicles (Fig. 21B). Notopodial postsetal lamellae from setiger 2, subtriangular, almost same size in anterior region of body, fused to basal part of branchiae; those on middle and posterior regions narrower, somewhat elliptical, free from basal part of branchiae (Fig. 21C). Neuropodial postsetal lamellae round in anterior 12 setigers, becoming flatten and elongated in setigers 13-27, smaller in posterior setigers.Branchiae present in setigers 2-24, short, with blunt tips and numerous glands. Notosetae all capillaries, arranged in two rows, with setae of anterior row shorter, without limbate, those of posterior row longer, about same thickness of anterior row, with one side limbate. Neuropodial setae of setigers 1-25 similar to notosetae in structure and arrangement; hooded hooks first present in posterior row from setiger 26, numbering 16-26 in each parapodium, replacing all capillaries from setiger 37 (Fig. 21D); hooks with straight shaft, long main fang and hyaline truncate hood; main fang surmounted by pair of long apical teeth and second pair of short teeth (Fig. 21E); without neuropodial inferior sabre setae.Pygidium unknown.Etymology. From the Latin multus (many) and dentatus (toothed), referring to the hooked hooks present on the posterior neuropodia having many teeth.Paraprionospio cristata sp. nov.Diagnosis. Prostomium narrow, elongate, anteriorly bluntly pointed, posteriorly extending to setiger 1, with brown pigment patches on lateral sides; 2 pairs of eyes, posterior pair closer together, located near posterior end of prostomium close to setiger 1, anterior pair more widely separated. Peristomium well developed, with pair of high, membranous wings laterally encompassing prostomium (Fig. 34A).Branchiae present on setigers 1-3, with bifoliate lamellae, attached serially on inner to posterior surface of shaft (Figs. 34B, C); first pair posteriorly extending to setiger 10, second pair to setiger 9, to setiger 8; third pair with thin filaments at bases.Notopodial postsetal lamellae distally pointed on setigers 1-3, low and round on setiger 4 (Figs. 34D-G), reduced to low rounded lamellae in subsequent setigers to about setiger 20, then lanceolate through posterior setigers.Neuropodial postsetal lamellae of setigers 1-2 small, lanceolate, low and round on setigers 3-4, thereafter reduced to small round lobes. Membranous dorsal crests apparent on anterior edge of setiger 21 to setiger 25, crests often lying flat not elevated. Semi-transparent dorsal cuticle present on setigers 21-25 (Fig. 34H). Prominent ventral crests present on setigers 9 and 10 (Fig. 34I).Capillary noto- and neurosetae of anterior setigers bilimbate with granulation (Figs. 34J-K). Smooth nonlimbate capillaries present in neuropodia from setiger 9 (Fig. 34L). Hooded hooks in neuropodia from setiger 9. Hooded hooks in notopodia from setiger 39 (Figs. 34M, N). Hooks with three pairs of accessory teeth above main tooth, distinctly striate secondary internal hoods. Sabre setae present in neuropodia from setiger 9 (Fig. 34O).Pygidium with one long mid-dorsal cirrus, and two short ventro-lateral cirri (Fig. 34P).Etymology. From the Latin crista, a crest, referring to the remarkable ventral crests on the setigers 9 and 10.Polydora vicina sp. nov.Diagnosis. Prostomium with slightly incision on anterior end, extending posteriorly as caruncle to setigers 3-4. Median antenna absent. Two pairs of eyes, arranged in trapezoid (Fig. 27A).Setiger 1 with small, erect cirriform notopodial lobes, notosetae absent; neuropodia with moderately developed fascicles of capillaries.Notopodia of setigers 2, 3, 4, 6, and subsequent setigers with well-developed podial lobes and fascicles of capillaries; capillaries in 2 rows; anterior row shorter, thicker than posterior row; posterior setigers with fewer capillaries, modified spines absent. Neuropodia of setigers 2, 3, 4, and 6 with fascicles of capillaries similar to those of notopodia; bidentate hooded hooks from setiger 7, with constriction and manubrium on shaft and wide angle between main fang and secondary tooth (Figs. 27B, C).Setiger 5 greatly modified (Fig. 27D), with one row modified setae (Figs. 27E, F) and companion setae (Fig. 27G); modified setae with large accessory tooth. Branchiae from setiger 7.Pygidium with middoral and midventral gaps (Fig. 27H).Etymology. From the Latin vicinus, meaning near, referring to the type locality of the species (bathing beach) close to the human activity. Prionospio (Prionospio) pacifica sp. nov.Diagnosis. Prostomium truncate anteriorly, inflated at level of eyes, with narrow caruncle reaching to posterior margin of setiger 2; 2 pairs of reddish-black eyes. Peristomium partly fused to setiger 1, with weakly developed lateral wings (Fig. 41A).Branchiae present on setigers 2-5; pairs 1 and 4 pinnate, pair 1 extending posteriorly to setiger 8, much longer than pair 4; pairs 2 and 3 apinnate, subtriangular, shorter than pinnate pairs (Figs. 41B-D).Notopodial postsetal lamellae foliaceous in branchiae region, smaller, rounded in middle setigers, becoming elongate, triangular posteriorly. Notopodial postsetal lamellae from setiger 10 forming prominent crests across dorsum, continuing posteriorly to setiger 25 (Fig. 41E).Neuropodial postsetal lamellae largest in branchial region, those of setiger 2 with ventral extension or protuberance; squarish to rounded through middle setigers, triangular in posterior setigers. Neuropodial postsetal lamellae on setiger 9 forming prominent crest across ventrum (Fig. 41F).Anterior setae capillaries, with narrow sheath (Fig. 41G). Neuropodial hooded hooks from setigers 13-15, numbering 12-16 in a series; notopodial hooded hooks from setigers 34-37, numbering 5-8 in a series. Hooks multidentate (Figs. 41H-J), with 4-5 pairs of apical teeth above main fang, secondary hood small. Sabre setae from setigers 10-12, numbering 1-2 in a series.Pygidium with one long dorsomedial cirrus and two shorter, tapered ventrolateral lobes (Fig. 41K).Etymology. From the Latin pacificus, giving rise to Pacific Ocean, referring to the type locality of the species, from the East China Sea and South China Sea, coast of the Pacific Ocean.Scolelepis (Scolelepis) daphoinos sp. nov. Diagnosis. Prostomium conical, extending anteriorly to long, tapering pointed, posteriorly somewhat swollened, with pigment patches, extending to posterior margin of setiger 1. Median antenna absent. Peristomium separated from setiger 1, forming lateral wings (Fig. 45A). Palps short, extending posteriorly no more than setiger 9.Setiger 1 with lanceolate noto- and neuropodial lamellae, notopodial lamellae smaller than neuropodial lamellae; capillary setae present in both rami (Fig. 45B). Branchiae present from setiger 2, fused basally to notopodial postsetal lamellae (Figs. 45C, D). Posterior notopodial postsetal lamellae flaglike, with upper and lower corners pointed. Neuropodial postsetal lamellae mammiform anteriorly, becoming low, rounded in middle region of body, slight notch beginning on setigers 31-34. Remarkable reddish bands present on dorsum and lateral sides of body.Anterior setae all capillaries, limbate, arranged in 2 rows (Figs. 45E-G). Neuropodial hooded hooks present from setigers 36-39, numbering 6-12 in a series. notopodial hooded hooks from setigers 55-62, numbering 2-4 in a series. Hooks all bidentate, with long primary hoods (Fig. 45H).Pygidium with ventral, entire cushion, anus dorsal.Etymology. From the Greece daphoinos, meaning reddish bands, referring to the species with remarkable bands on the dorsum and lateral sides of the body.Spiophanes fuscatus sp. nov.Diagnosis. Prostomium bell-shaped, broad anteriorly. Median antenna present. Eyes absent. Dorsal ciliated organs extending posteriorly as broad lines to setiger 16. Peristomium moderately developed (Fig. 52A).Parapodium 1 dorsally oriented (Fig. 52B), parapodia 2-4 in dorsolateral to almost entirely lateral positions; in setigers 1-4 notopodial postsetal lamellae long cirriform; neuropodial postsetal lamellae subtriangular (Fig. 52C). Setigers 5-8 with rounded notopodial postsetal lamellae and reduced neuropodial postsetal lamellae (Fig. 52D). Setigers 9-14 with cirriform to subulate notopodial postsetal lamellae, basally bulbous from about setigers 15-18, subulate again from setiger 19, with slender tip. Neuropodial lamellae reduced in posterior parapodia. Remarkable dark pigment patches present on setiger 9.Setal spreader"0+1 type", with semicircular glandular opening well developed in setigers 5-7 (Fig. 52F); on setiger 8 opening absent; glandular organs of setigers 9-14 open as lateral vertical slits (Fig. 52G). Dark pigmentations present on lateral sides of setiger 9. Interparapodial pouches present from setigers 14-15 (Fig. 52E). Dorsal ciliated crests distinct from setigers 17-19, to about setiger 60 (Fig. 52H). Setiger 1 bearing 1 stout, crook-like seta in neuropodium, remainder of setae all capillaries (Fig. 52I); notosetae arranged in tuft; neurosetae arranged in 2 rows.Setigers 2-4 with simple capillaries in notopodia, arranged in tuft; neurosetae simple capillaries arranged in two rows. Setigers 5-14 with stout sheathed neurosetae, arranged in 1-2 rows; notosetae capillaries with narrow sheath arranged in 3 rows. From setiger 15, notopodia with capillaries with narrow sheath arranged in tuft; in neuropodia quadridentate hooks without hoods, numbering 5-6 in a series. Ventral sabre setae from setiger 4.Pygidium unknown.Etymology. From the Latin fuscus, meaning dark brown, referring to the species with remarkable dark brown pigmentations around the glandular organs on setiger 9.
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