Study On Soil Characteritics And Dominent Herb In Jiuzhaigou Manaoke Golden Opencast Mine, Sichuan China

Mining ecological restoration research began in the first half of the 20th century, the main contents is the ecological restoration of environment about the collapse of mining and groundwater exploiting. The industrial revolution made to the scale of the resources requirements and development has increased dramatically. For development and gaining direct benefit hastily, it neglected land damages completely. The scale of the land pollution damage developed from individual phenomena to common phenomenon. This phenomenon appear first in Europe, although some brains puts forward, but did not pay attention. Until 1966, Britain south wales BeiFen O a disaster just drawn people's attention; It made people more clearly realize the importance of mining restoration, and laid a solid application foundation for the birth of mining ecological restoration. In the 1970s, scholars have started to improvement of damaged ecosystem restoration; After the 1980s, the recovery of ecology research developed rapidly and become the hot spot of modern ecology. In general speaking, the world ecological recovery researches have different records. European focused on mining recovery, North America emphasized water and forest restoration, while New Zealand and Australia are focused on grassland management and recovery.The mine ecological environment restoration work began in the 1950s, the prophase work is mainly land degradation study, especially soil degradation and more for land, soil degradation intertwined. At first is the individual mining spontaneous small-scale to restore the government work. For such the researchers as Yu Zuo-yue in Chinese academy of sciences, the south institute of botany began to study on vegetation technology and its mechanism of degraded ecosystem restoration in Guangdong tropical coastal erosion stage in 1949. This is the earliest restoration ecology research in China. The 1950s～1970s. the work is still in the spontaneous exploration stage; Enter in the 1980s, it was really get attention, began from spontaneous, scattered state transition to organized stage of restoration and government. Many research institutions study successively on different degraded ecosystem. During the 1990s, the ecological restoration research of abandoned mine lands have increased gradually. Some mines began to ecological restoration work and the scientific research work in different extents, such as strengthening the mine ecological recovery technology research, substrates modified research, ecological restoration economic analysis, land reclamation and expert system model research, etc. Especially promulgated the land reclamation regulations in 1988 and promulgated the environmental protection law of the People's Republic of China in1989, marked the mine ecological environment restoration on the institutionalized. Restoration work started late in our country, but it is developing very rapidly.Overall, Chinese mine restoration stressed on agricultural comprehensive utilization because of its more population. Mines reclamation rates show ascendant trend.At present, the world, especially the main mining industrial countries attach importance to restore mining industry lands, and obtain some remarkable achievement.This paper according to self- design theory and human design theory design theory, insist on combining natural restoration with assisted restoration, study on the mine soil physical and chemical properties, biodiversity, biomass and representative dominents species (ie. Deyeusla bcabrescens) germinated force (including germination rate, germination potential and permination speed, etc.) and productivity respectively with more intensive and systematic research. The main conclusions are as follows:(Ⅰ) The soil physical and chemical properties is the prerequisite of the vegetation grows; Through comparing soil physical and chemical properties of the mining native grassland and side row slope, found that small soil porosity and natural water content of small, uneven soil particle size and poor soil fertility of edge/row slope is the main factors that lead to lower plant seed germination rate and stunted plants, insufficiently developed, easy to death, even not restoration etc. in the course of mining restoration. In mine ecological recovery process, we should mix some organic soils, organic compound fertilizers and crop straw and other measures, to accelerate mining form a layer of soil environment conducive to vegetation growth, improving mining soil physical and chemical properties. (II) Due to the disturbances such as grazing, collecting herbs and cutting, and others, mining native herbecious diversity and abundance index is rise with the increasing elevations rise at first, and then reduce after the 3200m or so. Mining restoration should strengthen mining managements of interference and it is healthy for the development of mine restoration.(Ⅲ) Vegetation diversity investigation found that species composition is different with the different altitudes in the same growth terms; different season also has certain species dominent at the same altitude. Generally speaking, each growth period the main advanced species of mining native grass is Deyeusla bcabrescens, Festuca ovina, Elymus nutans, Kobresia setchwadensis, Poa acroleuca, and so on. In different growth season, each herb dominent performance is not the same. There were pockets of herbaceous plants, such as Poa acroleuca, Polylgonum viviparum, Sanguisorba oftcinalis, and so on, mature earlier at different elevations range. July these plant distribution area is larger, and have higher coverand height, and have arrived in their maturity; their biomass to the top and have higher proportion; This period while most other herb species are in rapid growth times, but biomass is comparatively small; At the beginning of the mining rains'season, that is the period between June and July, these early matures play an important role that to prevent rain erosion of soil and water-conservation. Therefore, in the mine ecological recovery, different pioneer species should be selected by the different altitudes and seasons. This will increase the eco-system species diversity and system-stability and promote mine vegetation water-conservation function, soil conservation function and nutrient function, and so forth, because of high vegetations'coverage in different altitudes.(Ⅳ) The dominant herb's biomass of mining is significantly different with vertical gradient. Different dominant species have different law with elevations. In the low-altitude regions (2 900～3 000 m), Elymus nutans, Deyeusla bcabrescens, etc. are the dominant species; in the mid-altitude(3 100～3 300 m) regions, the dominant species are Deyeusla bcabrescens, Poa acroleuca, Festuca ovina, and so on; while Elymus nutans, Kobresia setchwadensis, Deyeusla bcabrescens are the dominant species in the high-altitude(3 400～3 500 m).In addition to altitude significant influence on the herb biomass, slope and disturbances and other environmental factors also caused certain effect on it. The study shows that the places of slow slope and slight interference are the high coverage, high biomass and healthy growth vegetation regions. Therefore, we should enhance the treatment of steep slope and the control of the disturbances.(Ⅴ) Mining contents of soil organic matter influence immediately soil physical and chemical properties, and affect the rate of growth of vegetation. The higher the soil organic matters are, the higher the germination rate and germination potential and germination speed of Deyeusla bcabrescens are. When mining soil organic matter content of soil to 75%, the index of germination of Deyeusla bcabrescens close to the peak; after that, with the increase of the contents of organic matter, the changes of the index are not obvious. Its productivity also has the same law. Meanwhile, seed measures adopted to improve seed germination in the former terms of mine ecological restoration, deal with different seed measures to improve the seed sprouts force and enhance recovery efficiency.The soil organic matters have remarkable influence on seedling production; the increase of the content of organic soil would promote and improve seedlings productivity.(Ⅵ) According to the research and observations results, this articles put forward the suggestions:The mine ecological restoration in biological measures should be combined with engineering measures; In the species-selection of the biological measures, the recovery should be paid attention to the spatial distribution patterns of the species and seasonal feature; According to the mining climatic conditions, ecological restoration should choose the root developed, rapidly growing, drought resistant, barren resistant, high temperature resistance of native dominents as pioneer species in mining ecological restoration. In the mine ecological restoration process, should adopt handling replace with out-soil, sowing, fertilization, and other the auxiliary measures, to accelerate and shorten the mine ecological recovery process.(VII) Mining ecological restoration is a comprehensive engineering. So we cannot pursuit the ecological restoration speed simply and blindly, and should all-round consider the whole mining eco-system from bio-diversity, the eco-system stability and economic, social, ecological, aesthetical benefits, and so on.