| Endosperm hardness is one of the most important quality characteristics of cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and has a profound effect on milling,baking and the quality of the end products. Three hundred and fifty one wheat varieties and lines from major wheat zones were grown in Beijing and Anyang in 2001 and 2002 seasons,and 55 varieties and lines from spring wheat zones were grown in Xinjiang and Bameng in 2002 seasons. Friabilin was extracted by isopropyl alcohol and NaCl, PCR primers were designed from puroindoline mutation allele sequences. Relationship between their grain hardness and Friabilin level in SDS-PAGE, and distribution of puroindoline hardness mutations (allele) was evaluated. Each variety was assessed for Kernel texture using the Single Kernel Characterization System(SKCS),and the puroindoline hardness allele was determined by STS markers. Sixty five winter wheat varieties were grown at eleven sites in north winter wheat region and fourty three varieties were grown at four sites in south winter wheat region in 2001 and 2002 seasons, wheat quality traits variantions at different sites were analyzed. The major results were presented bellow:1.Grain hardness index of winter wheat varieties was different from 12 to 104. Hard, soft and mixed wheats were distributed among four winter wheat regions at different levels. The hardness of winter wheats from the North China Winter Wheat Zone and Huang Huai Facultative Wheat Zone was obviously higher than that of the Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley Winter-sown Wheat Zone and the Southwestern Winter-sown Wheat Zone, most of varieties in the former were hard, most of varieties in the latter were mixed and soft. Grain hardness index of spring wheat varieties was different from 11 to 84, varieties with harder than mixed shared 70.91%, and extreme type was fewer. Most of varieties from the Northeastern Spring-sown Spring Wheat Zone, the Northwestern Spring Wheat Zones, the Qinghai-Tibet Spring and Winter Wheat Zone and the Xinjiang winter and Spring Wheat Zones were hard , and most of varieties from the Northern Spring-sown Spring Wheat Zone were soft and mixed. 2.Grian hardness was negative correlation with level of friabilin protein. The results showed that high level of friabilin protein in soft wheat and relatively low level in hard wheat, with correlation coefficience -0.40, -0.37 and -0.68 for winter wheat,spring wheat and Zhongyou 9507 seleced lines,respectively, at 0.01 significant level.3.STS molecular markers showed eight kinds of Pin-DI allele were associated with Chinese wheat, Of the winter wheat, frequency of varieties possessed Pina-DIa /Pinb-DIb allele was 46.8%,which was higher than other types. Frequency of varieties with Pina-DIa /Pinb-DIa and Pina-DIa /Pinb-DIe alleles ,which was relatively higher than the other Pin-DI allele wheat,was 25.4% and 10.3%, respectively.For varieties possessed Pina-DIa /Pinb-DId and Pina-DIa /Pinb-DIf allele,the frequency was 5.2% and 4.8%,respectively. Hardness was different among puroindoline mutation alleles, Varieties possessed Pina-DIa /Pinb-DIb and Pina-DIb/ Pinb-DIa allele had high hardness than varieties possessedPina-DIa /Pinb-DId,Pina-DIa /Pinb-DIe and Pina-DIa /Pinb-DIf alleles and got to a 0.05 significant level.Varieties possessed double-mutation were Zhongyou 9507-60, Zhongyou 9507-69, Zhongyou 9701, Yuandong 107, Yuandong 971 and 85zhong33, Jinmai 60, Lu 94(6)006, Shannong 2013, Jinan 17, Linhan 205, CA 8686, CA9532, Jingnong 97-86, Jinnong 218, Yunmai 42 and four above varieties. Varieties possessed multi-mutation were Nongda 3395 and Jinnong 217, varieties associated with novle mutation type were Nongda 3213, Puyou 9175, Gaocheng 8901 and Yangmai 5. Of the new mutation alleles, Nongda 3213 with one deletion of A in Pinb gene encoding tryptophan-rich domain, causes a frame-shift mutation. Gaocheng 8901 assiciated with Gln-96 to His-96 and Ser-114 to Asn-114. Puyou 9175 had the mutation of Ser-103 to Leu-103 in puroindoline b and Yangmai 5 with insertion "C" bewee...
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