Studies On Introduction, Cultivation And Available Values Of The Stinging Nettle, Urtica Dioica L.subsp.dioica

The stinging nettle, Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica is an important nutritious and medical plant with great economic values. In this paper, systemic studies on configuration, development, seeds germination, and ecological adaptability in different environmental conditions of light, water and temperature stress of Utica dioica were researched, and the key factors and most appropriate cultivate conditions of Utica dioica introduction were illuminated subsequently. Extensive studies on the appropriate introduced area of Utica dioica in China by using fuzzy distance similitude priority ration on the basis of climatic data between the original and introduce area were also reviewed. Last, the nutritious and medical values of Utica dioica were discussed by way of studies on the relationship between fertilizer and nutrition, GC-MS analysis of volatile and extraction and identification of flavones substance. Results obtained from above are as follows:Structure of Utica doica roots stems and leaves dissection were observed with the paraffine slice. The period of fecundity of Utica dioica in Bejing is from may to September, and the growth period is from may to november, the optimum planting period is may, and seeds duration is 105 days, accumulate temperature above 10℃ of the fecundity duration is 1350 ℃, and the fecundity duration of multiply years seeds is about 75-80 days, accumulate temperature above 10℃ is 1050 ℃.The effects of temperature, lanthanon and temperature, gibberellin on seed germination to Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica were studied respectively in laboratory using double factors randomized block design. Results indicated there were significant different germination rates at different temperatures range of 15 to 40 ℃. The optimum germination temperature of the seeds was 30 to 35 ℃. Both the lanthanon and gibberellin solution could improve the seeds germination at the concentration of 25～500 mg/L and 25～600 mg/L respectively, the optimum germination lanthanon and gibberellin solution concentration were 100 mg/L and 400mg/L respectively. The combined temperature and lanthanon have shown no interacting effect on seed germination while effect was significant between the combination of temperature and gibberellin, among all the combination of temperature and gibberellin, the 6 combinations of 30 and 35 ℃ combined with 400, 500 and 600 mg/L GA₃ have generated the best effect to seed germination. The seeds easily germinated at the litmusless while antiblastic at the acidic and basic water.The effects of full daylight and different shades (43% , 58%, 73%, 87% and 97%) on growth, photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Urtica dioica were examined. The results indicated that Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica could grow and develop normally from the full daylight to 73% shade, the plant height, stem diamer, leaves areas and dry matter accumulation increase with increasing of shades degrees, while not benefit the plant growth exceeding the 73% shade. There were lower light compensation point (LCP) and light saturation point (LSP) and dark respiration rate (DR.), which decrease with the increasing of shade degree. Diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (P_n) presents only one peak under full daylight and all shade Conditions, 0 the daily maximum and average net photosynthetic rate decrease significantly with increasing of shade degree, while the solar energy utilization efficiency increase. Diurnal variations of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in leaves are similar to that of net photosynthetic rate. The values of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance also decrease as shade degrees increase. There are a positive correlation between transpiration rate and stomatal conductance under full daylight and all shade conditions while no significant positive correlation between the transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate except that under the full daylight. Under full daylight and all shades there are no significant positive correlation between stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate. The content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in leaves grown under all shades conditions are also significant higher than those under full daylight and increases with increasing of shade degrees while the chlorophyll a/b decreases. Diurnal variation of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo) presents the inverse parabola style, the value of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo under all shade conditions are also significant higher than those under full daylight and increases with increasing of shade degrees. Results obtained from above showed that the stinging nettle was a shade tolerant plant by decreasing the light saturation point, light compensation point, dark respiration rate and chlorophyll a/b while increasing the content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and the value Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo under the shade conditions.The survival, height, stem and leaves growth and distribution of water content of Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica were significantly different in different soil water stress. The water content of 85% is the most suitable for the accumulation of biomass. The photosynthetic characteristics were also affected significantly by different soil water stress. The lowest light compensation point and the highest light saturation point and apparent quantum efficiency occurred in 85% water content, while the light compensation point increase and the light saturation point and apparent quantum efficiency decreased with increasing and decreasing of the soil water content. The net photosynthetic rate and R.uBP activity were also the highest in the 85% soil water content, while the dark respiration rate and CO₂ compensation point were the lowest. With increasing and decreasing of the soil water content, the net photosynthetic rate and RuBP activity decreased and dark respiration rate and CO₂ compensation point increased. Diurnal variation of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in leaves also presents only one peak in different soil water contents. The content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in leaves grown in 85% soil water content were significant higher thaa others and increases with increasing and decreasing of soil water content, though the Chla/Chlb increased with decreasing of soil water content. The SOD activity, CAT activity, POD activity, Proline content, Dissoluble protein content, Dissoluble sugar content, MDA content, Conductance rate of Utica dioica in different water stress level were affected significantly. The Utica dioica is suitable to cultivate in moist soil environment.The temperature ranges from 20℃ to 25 ℃ is suitable for Urtica dioica L.subsp. dioica growth. the physiological and chemical index of Utica dioica were affected significantly under the temperature stress by determination of SOD and POD activity and MDA, Pro, Dissoluble sugar content and relative Conductance rate. The MDA content and relative Conductance rate increase significantly as the temperature increasing or decreasing from 20℃, while the SOD and POD activity decrease at high or low temperature. Combined all the growth and photosynthetic index at different temperatures, 25℃ is the most appropriate at which the plant, stem growth increment and photosynthetic rate and biomass reach maximum. There have significant relativity among all the physiological and chemical index of Utica dioica at different temperatures, with positive correlation among the amphithecium permeation and MDA and Pro content which negative correlate to SOD and POD actiyity and dissoluble sugar content.Nutrirnent of ash and crude protein and V_C and soluble sugar and amino acids of Urtica dioica L.subsp. dioica were significantly affected by the fertilizer of N and P and K and microelement by using the orthogonal design experiment. Different ration of fertilizers were also obtained when different single nutrition index reach the highest. Synthesis analysis to all the nutrition index indicated five nutriment index reach the highest when fertilized with 0.24g/kg carbamide and 0.03g/kg calcium phosphate and 0.05g/kg kalium sulphate and 0.017mg/kg manganese and boron sulphate.The chemical components of volatile oil extracted from different growth period and apparatus of Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. The results indicated that the chemical components identified during the growth were much more than those during the autumn either extracted from the leaves or roots, and the ratio of chemical components identified of the total contents increased from growth to autumn. The main constituents of volatile oils of Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica includes mellow and ester and aldehyde and alkene and furan and naphthalene and alkyl and anthracene. Most of the chemical components have high value of industry and agriculture and medicine.Content of flavanone and flavanone glucoside in various growth period and apparatus of Urtica dioica L.subsp. dioica were analyzed using HPLC. The results indicated that Contents of flavanone in overground apparatus and in autumn were higher than those of underground and in growth period respectively. In the roots, Contents of flavanone increased as increasing of growth duration from 1 to 3 years. The ration of three flavanone glucoside including quercetin and karmpferol and isorgamnetin were different from different growth periond and apparatus of Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica, among them, the content of quercetin was the largest, followed by karmpferol and isorgamnetin. These ressults offered useful values for the synthesis utilization of Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica.The most suitable introduced area of Utica doica in China is the Tianshui area in southeastern Gansu province for its climate conditions are very close to the origin area using the dark similarity analysis. The most suitable introduced area of Urtica dioica L.subsp.dioica distributed at middle-east area of 35-40°N including Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, north of Henan, Shanxi, shanxi, north of Jiangsu, east of Gansu, Jiling, Liaoning province and Qinzang tableland. The suitable introduced area distributed at Henongjiang, Inner Mogolia, xingjiang, Lingxia, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan province and north of Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hunan. The unsuited introduced area is the seaside of south China, including Guangdong,Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian province and parts of south of Jiangxi/Hunan and Zhejiang and Sinkiang and Inner Mongolia.