| Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic(or Neijing, or Huangdi's Canon of Medicine, or Canon of Internal Medicine) is the splendid traditional culture of the Chinese nation, which has made outstanding contributions to the formation of the theory of therapeutic principles and methods. The theories of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had originated from practice, which had been the empirical summation and theoretical generalization of the Chinese people's long-time fighting against diseases, and the theory of the characteristic therapeutics had been formed through inducing and summarizing. At present, the researches on the theory of therapeutic principles and methods of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic have been on the early stage, and there are far more researching space. So through having research the medical and non-medical writings of all the pre-Qin times and the early years of the Han Dynasty and Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, it is of great significance for probing on the thread of the origin and formation of the theory of therapeutic principles and methods.This research subject has systematically collected and assorted the literature data with literature research, and at the same time the contents relating the theory of therapeutic principles and methods of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic have been condcing and assorting and analysing the internal relationship; and then the related data of the pre-Qin times and the early years of the Han Dynasty and the contents relating the theory of therapeutic principles and methods of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic have been compared to probe the relationship of academic origin; lastly the thread of the origin and formation and evolvement of the theory of therapeutic principles and methods in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic have been assorted systematically, which have analvsed the cause simply.In the aspect of therapeutic principles(or principles of treatment), the therapeutic principles leading to the principles in treatment of a disease had not been recorded in Han Dynasty Grave of Mawangdui, Han Dynasty Grave of Jiangling Zhangjia Mount or Anhui Fuyang. However the philosophy's thinking of Zhou Yi, Lao Zi, Sun Zi, etc had a great influence upon the academic the thinking of therapeutic principles of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic. Fellow Emperor's Internal Classic had been forming and even creating the theory of therapeutic principles relating to the medical pratice based on philosophy's thinkings of the pre-Qin times and the early years of the Han Dynasty.In the aspect of therapeutic principle's thought of treating disease before its onset, "taking preventive measures before a disease comes" and "taking precautions against the progression of a disease" of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had originated from the thought of avoiding disaster and preventing anxiety of Zhou H, Lao Zi, Sun Zi, Huai Nan Zi and so on. However, "taking measures against recrudescence after recovery", one of the three aspects of therapeutic principle's thought of treating disease before its onset in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, had been developed the thought of avoiding disaster and preventing anxiety, and obviously the thought of taking measures against recrudescence after recovery had formed far more lately.In the aspect of therapeutic principle of improving the occasion, therapeutic principle of improving the occasion in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had combined and developed the thought of administering nation by taking advantage of an opportunity in Yi Jing, Lao Zi, ancient thought of military affairs and medical practice.Therapeutic principle of "searing for the primary cause of a disease in treatment" and "taking appropriate measures in consideration of the urgency and severity of fundamental and the incidental in treatment" in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had developed the relationship of "biao" and "ben" of philosophy's area and had created the medical meaning.In the aspect of therapeutic principle of "regulation of Yin and Fang" and "strengthening the body resistance and eliminating pathogenic factors", the former had originated from the philosophy of Yin and Yang during the pre-Qin times and the early years of the Han Dynasty. From Lao Zi, Yi Jing, Xunkuang to the Yin and Yang researcher, Zouyan, especially Dong Zhongshu, they had applied the theory of Yin and Yang to philosophy, science, politics, and so on. Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had inherited the connotation of the theory of Yin and Yang and created the therapeutic principle of "regulation of Yin and Fang". The therapeutic principle of "strengthening the body resistance and eliminating pathogenic factors" had also been created and developed the dialectic relationship of "pathogenic factors" and "the body resistance".In the aspect of therapeutic principle of "treating in accordance with seasonal condtions, local condtions and the physique of an individual", from Meng Zi having recorded climate timeliness, favourable geographical position and support of people; Sun Zi having had emphasis on the conception of the whole of climate, geography and people in military affairs' campaign; to Huai ivan Zi having attached importance to the systemic theory integrating weather, terra and human to construct the telepathy of nature and man; therapeutic principle of "treating in accordance with seasonal condtions, local condtions and the physique of an individual" had reflected harmonious unification of weather, terra and human in the ancient philosophy.Having reviewed the literature of pre-Qin times and the early years of the Han Dynasty, the formation of the therapeutic principles has the much clearer thread, whose content is from cursoriness to detail, from simpleness to abundance, and the theory of therapeutic principles has developed to perfectness gradually from mistiness to definitude.On the therapeutic methods, there are two aspects. On the one hand, the logos of treating diseases is the several methods according to the mechanism of treating diseases and effect based on the theory of therapeutic principles. On the other hand, the means to treat the diseases. The former is the example of diaphoresis, whose rudiment had lied in Shiji-BianqueCanggong-Biography and Fifty-two Prescription, and Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had sublimed diaphoresis to the height of the theory.There are much more contents of the means to treat the diseases. The means to treat the diseases in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, for example, the acupuncture therapy, moxibustion techique, drugs, physical and breathing exercises, massage, mind cure, dietetic therapy, etc have still directed clinical practice to this day.About acupuncture therapy, there was the means of flint stone to the disease in Fifty-two Prescription of Han Dynasty Grave of Mawangdui, but no needling therapy; and there was the needling the channels with flint stone in Mai Fa of Han Dynasty Grave of Mawangdui. There were flint stone and needles stone in Shan Hai Jing, Han Fei Zi, Strategy of the Warring States, etc. However, the different chapters in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic have recorded the flint stone or nine needles. That means different doctors had different inherit, and Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic hadn't been written by only one person during only one period. Yellow Emperors Internal Classic have recorded the acupuncture including acupuncture instruments, acupuncture principles, acupuncture methods detailedly. It also means that the recognition of Huangdi's Canon of Medicine for acupuncture is systemic, perfect, and deeply meaningful and flawless. And it explains that it is of significance for Huangdi's Canon of Medicine as a classical works conducting the theory.About moxibustion techique, from both spitchcock therapy and moxibustion techique having existed in Fifty-two Prescription to both roasting therapy and moxibustion techique having existed in Huangdi's Canon of Medicine, and mainly moxibustion techique is in it. Zhuang Zi had recorded "argy wormwood leaf" as sootines; Meng Zi had recorded "argy wormwood leaf" as mostly function of moxibustion techique; Huangdi's Canon of Medicine had recorded moxibustion techique but had not put forward the "argy wormwood leaf" clearly, that means "argy wormwood leaf" had already the main body of moxibustion techique.From the analysis of academic development rule, the part of acupuncture and moxibustion have had a process of development, which is from acupuncture and moxibustion the affected part to acupuncture and moxibustion the channels and lastly to acupuncture and moxibustion acupoint, and the procedure is from coarseness to extract in the science of acupuncture and moxibustion. Remarkablely, the three means of acupuncture and moxibustion hadn't that another means had appeared after one means having disappearing, but several means had alternated to develop gradually.About drugs treating the diseases, drugs efficacy because of vertigo altering taking in Shang Shu-Shuo Ming, gathering toxicant for medicine in Zhou Li, etc accounted for the recognition of drugs' toxicity. Shi Jing, Er Ya, Chu Ci had recorded much more variety of drugs but hadn't drugs efficacy. Shan Hai Jing had indicated the efficacy and ways and means of hundreds of drugs. The Theory of Drugs had ever existed in Shiji-BianqueCanggong-Biography but were lost. The drugs of Wan Wu in bamboo slips for writing on of Anhui FuYang and Fifty-two Prescription of Han Dynasty Grave of Mawangdui had developed from single efficacy to compound recipe, whose content had also grudually developed to the abundance. However, there are traditionally thirteen prescriptions of TCM in Canon of Internal Medicine, of which the breed is few. And the traditionally thirteen prescriptions of TCM have been recorded different chapters. Furthermore, other chapters in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, for example the Chapter" Great Topic on Supreme Truth and Importance"(chapter 74 in Plain Questions), have recorded the rule of Medication and the system of Prescription. It explains not only the clear thread of drugs' development during the pre-Qin times and the early years of the Han Dynasty but also that Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic itself is a academic history of development from superficiality to exactitude and from simpleness to enrichment.Dietetic therapy had firstly existed in "the recuperate depending on five kinds of flavours, five kinds of paddy, five kinds of drugs" of Zhou Li. The Chapter "On the Relation Between Energies of Five Viscera and the Four Seasons"(chapter 22 in Plain Questions), the Chapter" The Five Tastes"(chapter 56 in Spiritual Pivot) and the Chapter" The Five Tons and Five Tastes"(chapter 65 in Spiritual Pivot) have all recorded the theory of dietetic therapy's five tastes, that shows the three chapters had come down in one continuous line. And at the same time dietetic therapy of Yellow Emperor "s Internal Classic had influenced and instructed the dietetic disaffinity of the four seasons in Huai Nan Zi .Among writings of all the pre-Qin times and the early years of the Han Dynasty, for example, Zhuang Zi-Dasheng, Lu Shi Chun Qiu-Zhihong, there are representative examples of mind cure. The Chapter"Grand Discussion on the Concept of Yin and Yang Reflected by Various Natural and Life Phenomena" (chapter 5 in Plain Questions) combining the theory of five elements prevailing at that time have pointed out the theory of psychotherapy on five emotions conquering each other. And at the same time Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had indicated that incantations and prayer belongs to the category of psychotherapy.On physical and breathing exercises and massage, Zhuang Zi-Keyi, Lu Shi Chun Qiu-Gule have all recorded the therapy of physical and breathing exercises. Drawing of physical and breathing exercises in Mawangdui Hart tombs and the Book of physical and breathing exercises in Jiangling Zhangjia Mount Han tombs are all the monograph of physical and breathing exercises. Shiji-BianqueCanggong-Biography, Shuo Yan and Han Shi Wai Zhuan, etc have all recorded that Yufu, a ancient doctor, treated the diseases adopting massage. Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic have definited the theory of physical and breathing exercises and massage and sublimed to the height of the theory from practice.On surgical therapy, Guan Zi, Shi Zi, and Fifty-two Prescription had brought forward the surgery mainly concluding the removal of celluiitis and haemorrhoids. The Chapter"On Carbuncle and Deep-rooted Carbuncle" (chapter 81 in Spiritual Pivot) have recorded the technique of sundering to purulent discharge and amputated extremity, and the Chapter"Application of Different Pricking Therapies in Different Seasons " (chapter 19 in Spiritual Pivot) have recorded the means of discharging peritoneal fluid. Surgical instrument had developed from flint stone to a sharp three-edged needle and a sword-like needle.From above researching, we find that the content of therapeutic principles and methods had been recorded massly in the ancient literature before Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had been published in book form. But it was unsystemlly scattering and didn't go up to the theory altitude. However, through inducing and trimming, we could search an more limpid thread of development. Moreover, some chapters among Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic exist the technical relationship having inherited and developed, which once again has demonstrated that the characteristic of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic hadn't written by only one person during only one period. At the same time, it is believed that Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic is really worthy of a foudational writing of TCM's theory. The much theory and many methods of therapeutic principles and methods have all had been maturing and establing gradually in the period of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had been published in book form. It could settle the rational for the development of the theory of therapeutic principles and methods for the later ages.The new ideas in the research subject are following:1. Through trimming and analysing the medical and non- medical literature during the pre-Qin days and the early years of Han Dynasty and the relevant information of Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, we can draw up how the theory of the therapeutic principles and methods in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic had been forming by elaborating and trimming from the scattering methods of treating diseases in the pre-Qin days to mid-prophase Xi-Han Dynasty. And it was settled the foudation on the theory and method for the theory of therapeutic principles and methods having developed later ages. And at the same time, the article having sorting of data and related analysis' deducement is provided original reference information for the study of academic history in TCM.2. We analyse the subject from academic development, and we discover acupuncture instrument from flint stone to nine needles, and the part of acupuncture have had a process of development, which is from acupuncturing the affected part to acupuncturing the channels and lastly to acupuncturing acupoint, and the procedure is from coarseness to extract. Medical stone was brought forward as the first recordation of acupuncture instrument in Zuo Zhuan-Xianggong22-year. Acupuncturing the channels have been firstly recorded in Shiji-BianqueCanggong-Biography which hadn't recorded acupuncturingcupoint. That means different doctors had different inherit, and Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic have recorded not only flint stone but also nine needles, and it have discussed not onlv acupuncturing the affected part but also acupuncturing the channels and acupuncturing acupoint, and it explains that Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic hadn't been written by only one person during only one period. The two acupuncture instrument and the three means of acupuncture weren't that another means had appeared after one means having disappearing, but several means had alternated to develop gradually.3.We find there are two characteristic having been recorded about drugs in Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic. Firstly there are traditionally thirteen prescriptions of TCM in different chapters of Canon of Internal Medicine, and the traditionally thirteen prescriptions of TCM have been recorded during different period. It shows that the different chapters of Canon of Internal Medicine had come into being during different period. Secondly, the Chapter"Great Topic on Supreme Truth and Importance" (chapter 74 in Plain Questions), have recorded the vin and yang of five-kind flavors that had based on the Yin-vang and five elements theory having been established by Dong Zhongshu. And the rule of Medication and the system of Prescription didn't exist in Fifty-two Prescription but had existed in "Great Topic on Supreme Truth and Importance". Remarkablely, "Great Topic on Supreme Truth and Importance" had been come into being for more lateness.4. We find that the Chapter"Grand Discussion on the Concept of Yin and Yang Reflected by Various Natural and Life Phenomena" (chapter 5 in Plain Questions) has pointed out the theory of psychotherapy on five emotions conquering each other that originated from the theory of five elements having been established by Dong Zhongshu. And this Chapter has recorded the yin and yang of drugs' flavors that originated from the theory of Yin-yang having been established by Dong Zhongshu too. Remarkablely, the Chapter"Grand Discussion on the Concept of Yin and Yang Reflected by Various Natural and Life Phenomena" had been come into being after Chun Qiu Fan Lu. |
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