Atmospheric Particulate Matter Pollution Status In Shenyang City, And Impact Studies On Lung Function In Children

ObjectivesTo assess the present situation of atmospheric environment of Shenyang and its population effect, especially to assess the PM10, PM2 5, PAHs, NPAs and pulmonary function of primary school students under the circumstance that the atmospheric environment has already been improved and to provide scientific basis for the environmental policy to make process of hierarchy for governments.1. In accordant with general indices of air pollution in major domestic cities , TSP, SO2 concentration, energy structure and the acquirability of history records, present pollution status in Shenyang was compared with historical corresponding status and developmental and changing rules were deduced.2. Three monitoring spots were chosen according to 11 years' air monitoring records from 1991 to 2001 in Shenyang, respectively representing severely polluted, moderately polluted and relatively sanitary. PM10 and PM2.5 were monitored in the three spots involved. PAHs and NPAs in suspending particles were also monitored, and the source, concentration and health effects were further investigated.3. The pulmonary function of the students in three primary schools on the three spots was measured.Methods1. Selection of monitoring spotsWith the consideration of energy structure in Shenyang, weather conditions , pollution levels of major atmospheric pollutants, the health effects of air pollution, 'and the acquirability of historical records on the air pollution, 1991 -2001 environmental quality monitoring data of Shenyang were acquired and analysed. On the base of this record three spots were selected for typical coal dustparticle and automobile rear smoke pollution monitoring.After investigation three primary schools with different automobile transportation loads in the urban area of Shenyang were selected as monitoring spots, and monitoring instruments were setup in the schools. According to the data from traffic load monitoring department in Shenyang, the 3 primary schools were: He-ping Second School near the Maluwan area with the heaviest traffic, Wenyi Primary School of Shenhe district with moderate traffic and Taishan Primary School of Huanggu district with lightest traffic. Monitoring spot names were designated as the school names.2. Collection and measurement of particle samples(1 ) Atmospheric Pollutant dust sampling; Each monitoring spot was e-quipped with AN - 200 automatic air samplers. In summer ( Non - heating period ) and winter ( heating period) sampling was performed respectively, within one week duration and 24h consecutive sampling. Temperature, pressure and relative humidity of atmosphere were also recorded.( 2) Atmospheric Pollutant dust sampling for PAHs and NPAHsmonitoring: Samplers we used were made in Japan. Duration and method was the same with above statement(3 ) Analysis of particles samples: Sample analysis was conducted by National Institute of Environment in Japan. The measurement of PAHs and NPAHs was performed in Kenzawa University. Ten different kinds of PAHs were measured by HPLC/FLD method, and eleven kinds of NPAHs by HPLC/CLP method.3. Pulmonary Function ExaminationHealthy children with age of 8 - 10 ( Grade 3, Primary School) , living within 1 km vicinity to the schools for at least 3 years, were selected as the subjects for pulmonary function examination (about 100 children for each school). The examinations were performed 4 times: before heating period, within the heating period, after the heating period and non - heating period.Pulmonary function was measured by HI - 701 advanced pneumatometer (Japan). Measured parameters were chiefly FVC, FEV1. 0, FEV1. 0/FVC andso on. A total of 1118 cases were examined.4. Statistical Analysis; The implement of database and data input was conduct with EPI 6. 0 software. Data were analysed by SPSS 10. 0 package, mainly including t test and corresponding analysis.Results1. Concentrations and diameters of the particlesIn non - heating period, the percentage below 2. 1um was 38...