Bone Marrow And Amniotic Source Flk1 To + CD31 To-CD34 To - Embryos After Sub Totipotent Stem Cell Biology Characteristics

Research on stem cells is advancing knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. This promising area of science is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of cell-based therapies to treat disease. Stem cells are one of the most fascinating areas of biology today. But like many expanding fields of scientific inquiry, research on stem cells raises many scientific questions as rapidly as it generates new discoveries. Scientists have reported that adult stem cells occur in many tissues and that they enter normal differentiation pathways to form the specialized cell types of the tissue in which they reside. However, recently it is found that adult stem cells may also exhibit the ability to form specialized cell types of other tissues, which is known as plasticity. The mechanism underlying developmental stem-cell plasticity still remains controversial.We suppose that there is a presently undefined subfraction of stem cell population that exists in a number of tissues beyond embryonic development. We term them postembryonic pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs). They differ from embryonic stem (ES) cells in that they gradually lose some differentiation potentials during development and adopt some special phenotypes once within a certain tissue. They can give rise to different kinds of stem cells; therefore, help to maintain balance during development and metabolism. They provide cells not only for the damaged tissues they reside in, but also for other damaged tissues by migration triggered by proinflammatory cytokines or growth factors. This will be of great importance when stem cells in damaged tissues are destroyed or not enough in number.Previously we identified PPSCs (Flk1~+CD31~-CD34~- stem cells) in diverse human fetal tissues and organs (heart, liver, muscle, lung, derma, and kidney) as well as in bone marrow (BM). They had similar phenotype and morphology and were able to differentiate into cells with morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of adipocytes,...