| Background Visfatin is a newly found novel adipokine having high expression in adipocyte. Its structure is the same as the previously identified human pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF)in the Lymphoid System. Macrophages of adipose tissue is principle source. It is widely distributed in bone marrow stromal cells(BMSC), activated lymphocyte, liver, spleen, pancreas, uterus,thymus gland,muscle tissues,caul and so on. Vsfatin is related to oxygend eficit, vulnerable plaque rupture, endothelial disfunction, angiogenesis, inflammation and the metabolism of glucose and lipid. However, the exactly serum level of visfatin in different patients with atherosclerosis-related diseases and their correlation have not been clarified.Objective Investigating the serum level of visfatin in different patients and observing the relationship between the variation of visfatin and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Methods A comparative study was performed in patients with atherosclerosis-related diseases,such as coronary artery disease (CAD), carotid artery atherosclerosis, obesity, metabolism syndrome(MS), diabetes mellitus (DM) and Hypertension. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect plasma levels of visfatin, at the same time, generally selected biochemical parameters such as the plasma glucose(FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), C-reactive protein(CRP) and homocysteine(HCY) were detected with submitted blood. Collecting clinical data, analyzing the general clinical feature such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and so on.Results①The plasma levels of visfatin were significantly higher in the CAD group than in the controls [(3.17±0.36)ng/ml] vs. [(0.64±0.18)ng/ml] (p<0.05). In the CAD group,the higher extent of coronary artery lesions was,the higher the plasma visfatin (p<0.05); the greater the IMT was, the higher the plasma visfatin (p<0.05); the higher extent of coronary artery lesions was,the higher icedent of carotid atherosclerosis (p<0.05). In the CAD group, the plasma levels of visfatin were positively correlated with BMI, TG, LDL-C, CRP,HCY,IMT and the extent of coronary artery lesions (p<0.05).②The plasma levels of visfatin were significantly higher in the simple obesity group [(2.03±0.29)ng/ml] and MS group [(4.47±0.37)ng/ml] than in the controls [(0.59±0.21)ng/ml] (p<0.05). The plasma levels of visfatin were higher in the MS group than in the simple obesity group [(4.47±0.37)ng/ml] vs. [(2.03±0.29)ng/ml](p<0.05). In the MS group,the more ingredients of MS were,the higher the plasma visfatin (p<0.05), the plasma levels of visfatin were positively correlated with BMI, waistline, FPG, TG, LDL-C and the ingredients of MS(p<0.05), and negtively correlated with HDL-C(p<0.05).③The plasma levels of visfatin were significantly higher in the IGT group [(2.23±0.39)ng/ml] and the DM group [(4.17±0.38)ng/ml] than in the controls [(0.67±0.20)ng/ml] (p<0.05). The plasma levels of visfatin were higher in the DM group than in the IGT group[(4.17±0.38)ng/ml] vs. [(2.23±0.39)ng/ml](p<0.05). In the DM group, the plasma levels of visfatin were positively correlated with BMI, waistline, FPG, TG and HbA1C (p<0.05).④Comparison of Hypertension group and the controls, the plasma levels of visfatin were not significant changed [(1.17±0.36)ng/ml] vs. [(0.97±0.48)ng/ml] (p>0.05).Conclusions Serum level of visfatin in people with CAD,carotid artery atherosclerosis, obesity, MS and DM would lead to further increase. The data provide the natural phenomenon of visfatin, which may be the basis of further study about the function of visfatin. Visfatin may play an important role in the progress of atherosclerosis.The finding of visfatin will provide new idea in studying the atherosclerosis-related diseases, which will provide new target for the atherosclerosis-related diseases therapy.Background Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACAT1) could catalysis free cholesterol into cholesterol ester, and then form the foam cells. The foam cells formation would be promoted via up-regulating the expression of AC AT1. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) could promote the efflux of free cholesterol from foam cells, and then inhibit the foam cells. The foam cells formation would be promoted via down-regulating the expression of ABCA1. Therefore, if visfatin has both functions about up-regulating ACAT1 and down-regulating ABCA1, the formation of foam cells would be promoted. The further mechanism of visfatin induce-atherosclerosis would be clarified. The data in this field has not been reported.Objective To investigate the effects of visfatin on the expression of ACAT1 and ABCA1 during the formation of foam cells.Methods The human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) was chosen in our study. The differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophages was induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Macrophages were incubated with oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) to generate foam cells. The experiment divided into two parts:①The cells were divided into four groups:control group (ox-LDL), different concentration groups of visfatin (10-5 mol/L,10-6 mol/L,10-7 mol/L). Visfatin of different concentrations were treated for 2 hours before ox-LDL(100mg/L) were added in. After being incubated for 24 hours, the cells medium were changed, the lipid droplet content were observed by Oil red staining method, the levels of ACAT1 mRNA and ABCA1 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR,the levels of ACAT1 protein and ABCA1 protein were detected by Western blotting.②The cells were divided into four groups:control group (ox-LDL), different time groups of visfatin (12h, 24h,48h). The concentration of visfatin(10-5 mol/L) were treated for 2 hours before ox-LDL(100mg/L) were added in. After being incubated for 12 hours,24 hours,48hours, the cells medium were changed, the lipid droplet content were observed by Oil red staining method, the ACAT1 mRNA and ABCA1 mRNA levels were detected by RT-PCR, the ACAT1 and ABCA1 protein levels were detected by Western blotting.Results①Comparison of control, in different concentration and time groups of visfatin, the lipid droplet contents were increased by Oil red staining method, the levels of ACAT1 mRNA and protein were increased (p<0.05), the levels of ABCA1 mRNA and protein were decreased (p<0.05).②Comparison of different concentration groups of visfatin, as concentration increasing, the levels of ACAT1 mRNA and protein were increased (p<0.05), the levels of ABCA1 mRNA and protein were decreased (p<0.05).These changes were in a dose-dependent manner.③Comparison of different time groups of visfatin, as time prolonging, the lipid droplet contents were changed by Oil red staining method, the levels of ACAT1 mRNA and protein were increased (p<0.05), these changes were in a time-dependent manner. The levels of ABCA1 mRNA and protein were decreased (24h group vs.12h group, p<0.05).Conclusion Visfatin could increase the formation of lipid droplet of foam cells derived from THP-1 macrophages. Visfatin might induced the formation of atherosclerosis via up-regulating the expression of ACAT-1 and down-regulating the expression of ABCA-1. Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ) are key nuclear receptors that regulate macrophage cholesterol metabolism.Objective To investigate the roles of PPARγpathway during the formation of foam cells by visfatin induced.Methods The human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) was chosen in our study. The differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophages was induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Macrophages were incubated with oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) to generate foam cells. The experiment divided into two parts:①The cells were divided into four groups:control group (ox-LDL), different concentration groups of visfatin (10-5mol/L,10-6 mol/L,10-7 mol/L). Visfatin of different concentrations were treated for 2 hours before ox-LDL(100mg/L) were added in. After being incubated for 24 hours, the cells medium were changed, the lipid droplet content were observed by Oil red staining method, the levels of PPARγmRNA was detected by RT-PCR,the levels of PPARγprotein was detected by Western blotting.②The cells were divided into four groups:control group (ox-LDL), different time groups of visfatin (12h,24h,48h). The concentration of visfatin(10-5 mol/L) were treated for 2 hours before ox-LDL(100mg/L) were added in. After being incubated for 12 hours,24 hours,48hours, the cells medium were changed, the lipid droplet content were observed by Oil red staining method, the levels of PPARγmRNA was detected by RT-PCR,the levels of PPARγprotein was detected by Western blotting.Results①Comparison of control, in different concentration and time groups of visfatin, the lipid droplet contents were increased by Oil red staining method, the levels of PPARγmRNA and protein were decreased (p<0.05).②Comparison of different concentration groups of visfatin, as concentration increasing, the lipid droplet contents were increased by Oil red staining method, the levels of PPARγmRNA and protein were decreased (p<0.05).These changes were in a dose-dependent manner.③Comparison of different time groups of visfatin, as time prolonging, the levels of PPARγmRNA and protein were decreased (24h group vs.12h group, p<0.05).Conclusion Visfatin could increase the formation of lipid droplet of foam cells derived from THP-1 macrophages. Visfatin might induced the formation of atherosclerosis via PPARγpathway.
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