Huangshui Basin Chinese Phonetic Study

Huangshui is the largest tributaries of the upstream of Yellow River. Huangshui basin located in the eastern part of Qinghai province, including ten Counties:Xining City, Huangzhong County, huangyuan County, Datong County, Hualong County, Pingan County, Huzu County, Ledu County, Minhe County, Xunhua County. Before Ming Dynasty, The dominant people in this area are the minority. Most Han people moved here after that time. Huangshui basin is a multi-ethnic place, apart from the Han nationality, there are Tibetan, Hui, Tu, Salar, Mon golians and other ethnic peoples. Because of multi-ethnic inhabited here for a long-term, Tibetan and Altai phylum's language have influenced on Chinese dialect of this area in some degrees.The Chinese dialect voice in Huangshui basin has many features. Classical voiced initials are not aspirated. Classic initials partly pronounced[ts][tsh][s], such as'Duan-Tou-Ding Jian-Xi-Qun-Xiao-Xia etc. In most places, classic words in'Duan-Jing-Jian'group,'Duan'group discrete, and'Jing-Jian'group combined. There are three groups combined in'Zhi-Zhuang-Zhang' group and pronounce [ts] in some places, in other place, initial in the group of the second Grade Rims in the'Zhi'and 'Zhuang'are combined which can be pronounced [ts], initial in the group of the third Grade Rims in the'Zhi'and'Zhang'are combined which can be pronounced [ts].'Ni-Lai Mu'groups are not mixed basically.'Ri-Mu'group pronounce [z] in open-mouth case and [y] or [z] in close-mouth case. The vowel in the first division of'Yu'cores and'Jing group is always read[y]/ [y(?)]/[(?)]], and the group of'Bang-Duan-Ni'group and'Jian'series is usually read [Υ]. The vowel in the group of'Zhi-Kai-San-Duan','Ni','Jing', and'Jian'series is usually read [ι]. The vowel in the group of'Zhi-Zhuang-Zhang'is pronounced [f].Yang Sheng rhymes are mostly read Nasal rhyme vowel, the word in the core of'Sheng-Zheng-Zeng-Geng-Tong'has rear Nasal rhyme in some place, and in others places has Nasal rhyme. The word in the group of'Tang-Jiang-She-Shu-Shen'is pronounced by open-mouth. The three-rhyme word such as'De-Mo (Mai)'has'i'medial sound. Phonetics change of er-suffixed include er-suffixation and er-ending, er-ending distribute rather wide and include cohere and fusion types, er-ending is widely distributed in minority language and Chinese language's fringe area. Part places have three tones, and level tone doesn't distinguish yin and yang. Part places have four tones, and the second and fourth tone merged completely, but the tone category still exists.The important discussion in this article is to study the dialect's historic development of initial, vowel and tone in Huangshui basin. The important voice development include:classic voiced initials, the pronunciation of medieval'Duan-Jing-Jian'group that read before even-mouth vowel, 'Zhi-Zhang-Zhuang'and'Ri-Mu'group initial,'Ni','Yi'and'Yin-Yu-Wei'group initial, Yin vowel final, the combination in'Shen-Zhen-Zeng-Geng-Tong'group, short tone in medieval 'Zeng-Geng-Shen'group and three-rhyme word such as'De-Mo (Mai)', the simplification and reason about tone, types and factors of sound change about er-suffixed. The main viewpoints:First, there is a highlight phenomenon that vowel is raised, most areas read[i][u][y]as[ι][Υ][?], vowel raising and clashing is a kind of sound change of Drag Chain; there is a heavy stop and clash tone in initial consonant, aspirate strong is the reason that vowel is raised. Second, 'Shen-Zhen-Zeng-Geng-Tong group usually pronounce with nasalization, other places read with nasal finals. Due to the combination between'Shen-Zhen'and'Zeng-Geng-Tong groups, [ang] develop quickly and [en] slowly in nasalization, the voice is different from Gunazhong's. Third, three-rhyme words with'i'medial sound such as'De-Mo (Mai) are relate to Jin dialect that bring about by the migrant who came from Shannxi and Shanxi province. Last, on the basis of present pronunciation about'Zhi-Zhuang-Zhang'group, the dialect of Minhe, Ledu and Xunhua can be classified into Lan-Yin Mandarin.The article was based on the investigation of Huangshui basin 19 dialect spots. Through completely, deeply and detailedly investigate the article totally and systematically demonstrated the voice feature in this area, and also compared some important language phenomenon with other areas and analyzed the reasons of this phenomenon. Most people think that the Chines dialect in Huangshui basin comes from Yangzi River and Huai River dialect. The article proposes query about this viewpoint through compared with Yangzi River and Huai River Mandarin and circum them, and think that the Chines dialect in Huangshui basin mainly comes from central plains Mandarin.