The Folk Strong Force And Region Order In Song Dynasty

From Tang to Song, Chinese society took place enormous changes, among them one important respect was the change of social leading stratum. Since the eighties of the 20th century , became a focus of academic research for the local force of the main focus around the place elite. This kind of research is to go on in the public field put between country and society, then as " intermediate strata " between the country and the society, can expand to the whole folk strong force .Folk strong force means some people and colony who have a certain resource of advantage in certain region space. The so-called resources, or economic capital, or cultural capital, or social capital. Particularly, included rich clan , person clan , Buddhist and Taoist temples mainly in Song Dynasty. The rich clan had economic capital, could be a landlord, could be a businessman too; The person clan had culture and social capital, perhaps had economic capital at the same time , could be a bureaucrat, could be the Confucian scholar not entering the government either. To the common people, rich clan and person clan belonged to the stronger colony , could rely on one's own superior resources to exert powerful influence on the society at the basic level.The transition from Tang to Song had the region difference . Southeast typical image couldn't represent the social shape all, so, only clarify real features of each area, could draw a plump and true panoramic picture . The thinking of research of this text is: Regarding area of Hubei and Hunan Provinces as the foothold, clear the shape folk strong force surviving in Hubei and Hunan Provinces , compare the difference between Hunan and Hubei, and the difference between area of Hubei and Hunan Provinces and developed area of southeast, and then announce the regional difference of the transition and some laws that the society improved in Tang and Song Dynasty.There were many traditional rich clans in the area of Hubei and Hunan Provinces in Song Dynasty, but new developing rich clans were more. The ultimate goal of the rich clan was to become the person clan. The imperial examinations of Song Dynasty seemed to be the justice, but still the games of rich clan and person clan in fact. A rich clan who wanted to become the person clan, needed being diligent in two respects, first, one's own good education, there is capital of the person who becomes Confucianism , second , establish extensive relation with bureaucrat clan, thus incorporate bureaucrat's society. The enormous cost of imperial examinations made ordinary peasants very difficult to transform to the person clan directly, the general rich clan needed the careful arrangement too, even an enormous rich clan, if ignore the industry to manage while to the person clan's transformation , would exhaust the family property . While to the person clan's transformation, rich clan declined in economy, mainly because they breezed the serious psychology of despising the industry theoretically .Economic capital, culture capital and social capital can transform each other, the achievement of scholar in direct radio instead of social total capital. In three kinds of capital, the economic capital is the most steady, and the social capital is the most unstable. The real old and great family was the perfect combination of economic capital , culture capital and social capital, namely the Trinity of the landlord , intellectual, bureaucrat. Person clan in Hubei and Hunan Provinces hadfew old and well-known families in Song Dynasty, the reason laying in a lot of successful person clans giving up the economic capital.Though there was humane great prosperity of An State in Northern Song Dynasty , scholar's group consciousness of Liling in the Southern Song Dynasty, but overall to get on very well, the scholar's society of Hubei and Hunan Provinces not enough developed in Song Dynasty, the depending on is very strong to the outside. Those successful scholars, either ancestral home not in Hubei and Hunan Provinces , or move in between Kaifeng and Luoyang and developed area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces after being successful; the inscription labeling the interpersonal relationships were wrote mostly by the scholar of developed area. In the edge state , the scholar in Hubei and Hunan Provinces should want to achieve success in the whole country in Song Dynasty, must incorporate major scholar society , study abroad with union by marriage to become main way which Hubei and Hunan Provinces'?, scholar established social network too. In Northern Song Dynasty, the Hubei scholar chosed to study abroad in the North more, relatively strong to the depending on of the North,while, Hunan scholar were relatively weak to the depending on of the North, relatively strong to the depending on of the South. In Southern Song Dynasty, large quantities of foreign celebrated scholar came Hunan, Hunan scholar could study abroad nearby , but had not changed the natural instinct of depending on yet. Union by marriage was a kind of political behavior , following the reciprocity principle. Some scholars of Hubei and Hunan Provinces studied abroad under celebrated scholar's door, and then became the son-in-law, what they were mainly valued was their potential strength, once they achieved success , the level united by marriage rose immediately . Just because reciprocity principle, the scholar of Hubei and Hunan Provinces in weak tendency status was very difficult to integrate in the scholar'sociaty of the developed area. Only the demoted officer and flowing scholar who lose power temporarily were talent friend of them . Su Shi and his pupil activity in Hubei, Hu Anguo , Hu Hong, Zhang Jun and zhang Shi integration with Hunan scholar, had injected a stream of fresh air into development of the social culture in Hubei and Hunan Provinces.The folk strong force had turned attention to the stability of region society, development of the family and public project. They had more right to speak to the local affairs and get involved in the local affairs actively.Splitting up rich or poorly seriously in Song Dynasty, the social contradiction was sharper , needed to establish the system of a certain social security, the folk strong force beginning to get involved in the social security in an all-round way. The big local clan receiving edifying of Confucian culture, certainly would succour one's own clansman at first . " Respect forefathers, adopt clansmans" was a new characteristic of Zong Zu's construction after Song Dynasty. The construction of clan of Hubei and Hunan Provinces which was obviously affected by Fan Zhongyan,etc.of developed area in Song Dynasty, concentrated it in two aspects mainly, first, material subsidy, second, culture and education construction. Local big clan carried on society succour voluntarily too, moreover, that had an organized and institutionalized trend. However, most of all had official backgrounds, either persuaded by the official side, or operating jointly with the official side. In Late Song, the social security undertaking that the officer and the folk strong force operatd jointly deepened the village , which was based on folk strong force. The socialsecurity system advocated by Zheng Dexiu ,etc,deepened the village of Hunan, and village old clan often occuped the backbone's position in the rural social security system, reflecting the rise of the village strong force in Hunan in Late Song . Compared with Hunan, the social security undertaking of Hubei was quite backward in Song Dynasty.As the intermediate strata between the country and the society, folk strong force became the spokesmans of local interests naturally . However, as the strong force , the interests of the strong colony was concerned at first, only some demand had just accords with the interests of common people too.The public project is the positive construction of the society. To folk strong force of regarding person clan as the centre, such construction as the school, doctorate's autograph stone tablet ,etc , were payed close attention to> at first. People in Song Dynasty generally feeled that education wasn't valued in Hubei, but Hunan people valued education generally, the Hunan scholar's scale was very considerable too. Education should out of self- need, education that external world force to have no vitality. The shools in Hubei were set up late, and the scale was very small, it was quite backward to educate privatly relying mainly on academy ; the shools in Hunan were set up relatively early generally, and scale considerable. This kind of difference stems from the big clans of Hubei not enthusiastic to the culture and education, mostly participate in passively, and the big clan of Hunan, for inherent drive , participating voluntarily more.Shrine temple , Buddhist and Taoist temples and school belonged to the things of spiritual aspects , but related to the folk faith and religious belief of the whole society . The folk strong force got involved in the shrine temple, Buddhist and Taoist temples construction actively, that could't merely utilize the religion and supernatural power to condense the heart among the people, maintain the region order, could also improve oneself the influence power, promote the interests of the family . The big local clans all wanted to occupy the favorable position in the field, so regardless ofHubei,or in Hunan, input to construction of Buddhist and Taoist temples was all very surprising , this forms enormous contrast with input of the culture and education.Correlate with natural environmention, there were more irrigation works in the area of Hubei and Hunan Provinces in Song Dynasty, the medium-sized irrigation works were presided over by the local government more, big local clan or offering material support, or participate in the leading , management directly, the small-scale irrigation works were finished alone or jointly by the folk strong force more.Stability of regional order related to the folk strong force' whole interests. The folk strong force was very familiar with the region society , had strong social resources , so,the function in safeguarding the social stability was often largerer than that of the govemment.Regarding Yiyong of Hubei and Xiangshe of Hunan as representative, it appeared institutionalized to try in Southern Song Dynasty for local big clan to maintain region order. But not every folk strong force played a positive role to sociall order in all, the illegal and incest behavior of them would destroy the set social order, threaten the whole interests of folk strong force.