| The latter stage of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, have set up some tests of farming and animal husbandry that comparatively took in modern times and improved the organization in some areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, have transformed respect of improving and improving with the production method with improved seeds introduction , tool of production etc. and done some work to the local variety, have produced certain benefit in some areas . But viewed from the overall situation, the organization structuring is too scattered, there is too few quantity , the defect in talent , fund and technology ,etc, to the revolutionary progress of the whole regional productivity, tantamount to aing ridiculously inadequate effort to save a grave situation. So, in the Republic of China period, this district is in production technology of farming and animal husbandry, still following the traditional operation mode. Scientific and technical content of agricultural production respect is low, make the farming and animal husbandry of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district produce and is still limited by seriously in natural conditions, the old pattern that the farming and animal husbandry produces is adopted as heir, the farming region centres in Huang area of rivers of the east of Qinghai , the Yellow Basin and the Yangtze River of one Tibet river , forest of Yunnan of the Sichuan health to bring the following lower river valley above sea level and arable district of basin, the animal husbandry district is distributed in the Northwest and got up in the plateau of Qiangtang mainly, southeast extend to blue and green south plateau , Songpan meadow area and Sichuan health Yunnan district, ridge bottom mountain -forest to study in to the south of blue and green Danggula Mountains airline bring the above alpine grassland district then.On the basis of adopting old production pattern of farming and animal husbandry as heir generally, because water conservancy is built, the increase of the outside immigrant, the government's factor of recommending etc., some changes have taken place in the production pattern of farming and animal husbandry in some areas , reflect and expand from vertical direction and horizontal two respects of direction to some extent in the fanning region in development of the agricultural cultivation mainly, the animal husbandry district shrinks conespondingly .The Republic of China period, destroys not big overallly in the forest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district, the area of primary forest is still very large, especially hiding the places, such as southeast, transecting the mountain area, fruit Lip river ,etc, intact. At that time, the showing as traditional firewood charcoal , architecture , utensil respect of making the materials etc. mainly of the forest. Along the line of the traffic outside the area to the west of Tibet and life mountain of Qinghai, around the main residential area and cities and towns, comparatively serious that the forest is destroyed near the arable area along the river , lake, people for or natural one fire destroy about forest most the violent. The beginning of the thirties at the end of the twenties, the commercial capital taking making profits as purpose handles deforestation under to develop very fast, become leading strength destroyed in this district forest gradually. Centre in from hinterland close farming region and easy near river area that transport mainly forest zone that cut down, the places , such as mountain region of Qilian of Qinghai, accumulating the stone and mountain greatly ,etc, along the Tao river, large Xiahe , white Longjiang of Gannan, it belongs to Kangding , Kowloon and Danba ,etc. place that the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches of Mingjiang River of the northwest of Sichuan flows at the bank and health.Come to look on the whole , the handicraft industry of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is produced and still stayed in the old pattern, the farming region and cities and towns are comparatively a handicraft industry to the development, area which the handicraftsman comparatively concentrate. Still depend on the production of farming and animal husbandry in handicraft industry, it is the important supplement that the farming and animal husbandry produced, quite a few of handicraftsmans have not broken away from the production of farming and animal husbandry . But, in the Republic of China period, the progress that this district handicraft industry produces is obvious too. First, in the key town, handicraft industry producers of professional lines are comparatively centralized , the handicraft industry produces and gets rid of agriculture and becomes a kind of developing direction independently. One is that some trades absorb and develop technology that the inland craftsman bring, having introduced the comparatively advanced tool, production efficiency improves to some extent. First,, more careful craft workshop with higher engineering level has the scale has appeared relatively largly , divide the work in some cities and towns. By the look of space overall arrangement, the trend that shifts gradually from countryside to cities and towns has appeared in the hand industrial center.The appearance and development of modern machine industry are the new phenomenon of economic development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district of the Republic of China period, concentrate on being distributed and in the political economic central point of several areas of Xi'ning , Kangding , Lhasa, have established the foundation of this district industrial development pattern as soon as appearing.In the Republic of China period, the exploitation of the mining industry is an important respect of this district economic development, among them it is most important to exploit with the gold mine , nearly spread all over the whole area. The mining industry exploits and still continues to use some old craft production technologies, efficiency is low. The development to the old mining area occupies higher position in the mining industry exploits, some taste is high, mineral deposit is rich the place money mining areas such as the upper reaches of Mingjiang River, Dadu River source of mining area collected are developed . Develop the respect in the mineral products, because of the influence in relevant factors , such as politics ,etc, the industry and mining develop the region characteristic distinctly.The more developed area of the commerce still keeps in the farming region and near the area of the hinterland, adopt the old pattern as heir, rely mainly on the fact that along the line of the farming region and traffic in distribution of the mart. In addition, in the Republic of China period, the commerce develops and demonstrates the distinct region characteristic too. Commerce of Qinghai, after building the province, the direction monopolized to the bureaucratic capital gradually is developed. It is the characteristic that the health belong to commercial development that many kinds of types of operation , such as national capital , temple commerce and bureaucratic capital ,etc. are compatible. In Tibet, temple businessmen of trader and noble and foreign control commerce of trade company manage . While revolutionary character has not taken place and change in the overall pattern, secondary area commercial pattern take place some change, more rationally distribution of the commercial network.A corresponding one is the development of the cities and towns to develop with handicraft industry , commerce. In the Republic of China period, adopted the old pattern as heir in the cities and towns of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district, Xi'ning, Kangding , Lhasa are still the key town of this district, along the line of still centring in the cities and towns the farming region and traffic. With the development of handicraft industry , commerce, on the basis of extending and developing the old cities and towns and is distributed pattern, the cities and towns of the secondary area are distributed pattern and adjusted to some extent. This kind of adjustment, one is discarded in the cities and towns of some old military nature of some, urban development gets rid of the dependence on military affairs, is affected by traffic, commerce, hand industrial development and politics and increased, the development of the cities and towns and development of the commerce are unanimous gradually, the function of the cities and towns is sound gradually, politics and economic center become directions of urban development. First,, appear some new developing cities and towns, more rationally urban overall arrangement.In the Republic of China period, the land route traffic occupies the absolute predominance in the traffic system in the district of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Long run honest to yet blow important communications and transportation function in history, animal power carries on the back and transports bearing with manpower for the main transportation way. Will it be the beginning such as the people latter stage of Qing Dynasty, Englishmen improved the road traffic among Jiangzi- Yadong. After the thirties , launched in such places as the highway that took in modern times belonged to Qinghai , health . Thereupon, the means of transportation , such as automobile ,etc. are introduced , although air transportation is transient, but the modern traffic of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has raised the curtain.We can say, in abominable natural conditions and turbulent social environment, it is enough to deserve to be called estimably for economic development to obtain and accomplish so. Think the economic conditions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district of the Republic of China period " simple and crude " or " lag behind " on the development level, there is its rationality, but totally deny its achievement made, think that it is not a practical attitude that this district economic development of the Republic of China period " stays cool " , " unreasonable " , " falls back seriously ". Should say , the Republic of China period, because position and history many kinds of influence of factor, development, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of economy lag behind on coastal with Mainland still, but the achievement already made can't be obliterated either.In the Republic of China period, national government and local strength government played a active role in suring in order to develop economy of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district objectively. However, more remarkable to constraint of economic development and function of hindering. So, come from economic aspect and say, it is not excessive to judge it" reactionarily ".Taking a broad view of the development of the economy of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district of the Republic of China period and overall arrangement, I thought I kept the stability of the society, dispel and set up, it is the prerequisite that the economy of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district must use sound development to strengthen the connection with hinterland. The traffic development of the Republic of China period comparatively plays a serious hindrance role to the economic development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district slow, it is the bottleneck restraining development of economy. Because this district is limited by abominable natural conditions, develop economy and expect relatively much workforce's quality and engineering level, so, should strengthen education and improve the scientific and technological strength.Should pay attention to benefit and distribution of interests in economic development. In the Republic of China period, this district economic development level is relatively low, has high input but there are few outputs, cause the economic benefits to be relatively bad. Take agriculture as an example, the fire is burnt can only gain the small income of 32 of pieces of farmland in the large stretch of forest. The mining industry exploits, investing to a large number of workforces, it is mostly only enough to eke out a living to obtain every day. Comparing with more low the economic benefits, the question of distribution of interests brought of economic development should cause the high concern even more. In the Republic of China period, residents of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau district have not received this benefit brought of district economic development , the economic benefits are totally monopolized in the external force and local those who actually have strength and hold power, the external force is generally outside investors, the local those who actually have strength and hold power include toast , tribal chief , temple force , noble , military circles and political circles personage ,etc. Qinghai and health are belonged to extensive agricultural development to generally go on by outside immigrant and businessman , it is very low to indebted to hiding the specific gravity of persons who are engaged in of common people here. The commercial capital handles the forest under and cuts the hair, the income person has operators of tribal chief and wood industry of local toast only, the lumbermans are all employed from the hinterland. Investors who is engaged in exploiting in the mining industry and persons who control actually are generally local those who actually have strength and hold power and outside investor, the miner generally recruits from the hinterland directly. The machine industry that takes in modern times totally introduces from the outside, industrial worker and technician come from the hinterland, there are no practice and plan trying to be trained and training to local staff basically. This kind is as causing locals lo become the onlooker of economic development, on one hand not bring the actual economic benefits to the local, cause economic development to lack the strength of carrying on , make economic development lose the due meaning too; On the other hand, it is difficult for the local to incorporate to economic development coming in order to enjoy the advantage brought in economic development, cause some residents to influence the development of economy to the resistance and destruction of economic development. |
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