The Study Of The Expostulation System Of Qing Dynasty

The Expostulation System was an important component of the ancient Chinese political system,as well as a supplement to the autocratic monarchy.It was weakening with the continuous strengthening of the autocratic imperial power.During Qing Dynasty,the imperial power gone to the peak,and full-time advice officers disappeared. It seemed that the Expostulation System was over.However,it was not true.First of all, after the combination of Liu Ke and Du Cha-Yuan,dissuasion functions of gains and losses did not disappear,Yu Shi and Ke Dao still had the dual functions of dissuasion and monitoring.Secondly,for the emperors,they would not cancel the Expostulation System.Because it was not only a constraint to the monarchy itself,it also served a chance of solving a series of problems with officials.After all,no matter how wise the emperor was,he couldn't solve all issues himself.So emperors of Qing Dynasty asked advice for Ke Dan continuously about the people's livelihood,political gains and losses, misconduct of themselves and so forth.From the narrow sense,the Expostulation System was the advice officials gave their views for the fault of the monarch and country management.From the broad sense, The Expostulation System was all officials gave their advice in aspects of all national governance.Giving advice could be involved widely,military and political matters in a wide range,or King's own misconducts in a narrow range.The aim was for finding disadvantage and pointing out it,and helping the emperor to rule the country.The main ways to give advice were refusing emperor's improper rescript,discussing things in the hall or in the form of document.Expostulation System of Qing Dynasty is the object of this paper,including the period of Hou Jin and Qing Dynasty.Because of strengthening of the sovereignty, advisor organization became monitoring.So,scholars had focused on many aspects of the monitoring system of Qing Dynasty,while,the Expostulation System of Qing Dynasty was rarely talked about,as well as Ke Dao's activities.There was lack of a comprehensive and systematic study about sovereignty constrain.This article put the Expostulation system of Qing Dynasty for the study object,will further explore these issues with the integrated study.First,to separate the activities of Yu Shi and Ke Dao from the Monitoring System,define the Expostulation System of Qing Dynasty. Secondly,to do in-depth study of the weakening of advising functions of Ke Dao under the strengthening of imperial power time,and analyze its causes and manifestations. Third,trying to dynamically show activities of Ke Dao under the strengthened sovereignty,discuss new advising ways after the activities of Ke Dao were limited at the intervention of imperial power.By comparing the activities of Ke Dao and the emperor's attitude to advice to analyze gains and losses of asking advice,accepting advice,refusing advice of Qing Dynasty emperors,hoping to make an objective evaluation for the limited expostulation.Fourth,compared with the early time,the Expostulation System of the late Qing Dynasty had it's own character.In the driven to save the country,traditional Expostulation System changed for modern parliamentary and democratic system.This paper took the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the guidance,used history and political science and other fields' research methods.By comparing,analysis,synthesis,studied the Expostulation System in the multi-dimensional perspective to Qing Dynasty emperors and Ke Dao's activities as the central,revealing the characters of the Expostulation system of Qing Dynasty.The materials are from the Official Record,the major political book,Collected Works and so forth.In the course of the study,the paper focused on historical data to prove the historical facts,combining of history and study,trying to get objective and accurate conclusions.In view of the material and capacity constraints,the article couldn't make comprehensive research for the Expostulation System in the broad sense.Partâ… :The establishment of the Qing Dynasty,including the recalling of the Expostulation System,advising activities during Nuerhachi and Huang Taiji periods,Du Cha-Yuan and Liu Ke's organization and expostulation functions.As the founder of the Manchu prosperity,Nuerhachi had accumulated rich experience in governing the country in the course of war,had his own view in expostulation.He was not only created discussing system among Beiles,and also continued to affirm the importance of advice,his thoughts for requesting advices flashing a brilliant of simple dialectics that could be learned a lot.Under the reign of Huang Taiji,he carried out a series of measures to strengthen the Han right at pre-time,breaking the concept-Eight Kings of Nuerhachi,made autocracy come true.At later period,he constantly perfected the system construction of Hou Jin,changed the name of country to Qing,and adopted officials' advice,set up Du Cha-Yuan,ordained the officials of Du Cha-Yuan,who could give advice to emperor and supervise officials.After Qing gone across Shan Haiguan,studied the Ming Dynasty's institutions,established Liu Ke,which could refuse emperors' decision.Liu Ke was an independent advising agency.The establishment of Du Cha-Yuan and Liu Ke and the definitude of their functions indicated the establishment of the Expostulation system of Qing dynasty.Partâ…¡:The development of the Expostulation System of Qing Dynasty,discussing advice ways except traditional Ke Dao advice way.With the autocratic power of Qing Dynasty continued to strengthen,the right of Ke Dao to give advice declined gradually. First of all,the first year of Yongzheng,Liu Ke was combined with Du Cha-Yuan.In addition,the implementation of secret documents system,the right to refuse emperors' decision disappeared.Secondly,in order to avoid bad consequences that caused by Ke Dao during the Late Ming Dynasty,emperors of Qing Dynasty prevented and suppressed Ke Dao consciously,which resulted in harming Ke Dao's enthusiasm.Third, because of different nations,the activities of Ke Dao handicapped by many reasons,so they were afraid of speaking their real thoughts.Under these circumstances,the emperors of the Qing Dynasty constantly made to take measures to widen the advising way for knowing more,and the most successful way was the implementation of memorial to the throne system.Memorials to the throne were initially in the form of secret documents,and be used in a very narrow range.However,with the expansion of the scope and width of content,not only monarch could know more information about the people's livelihood,the officials who had the right to write memorial to the throne could also express their own views on certain political affairs.So it became effective way to give advices.In Yongzheng period,Yongzheng emperor widened the range of people who can give advice in the document,and established the secret document system.Qianlong emperor standardized the system of secret document further,and formed implementation of the memorial to the throne system.Other ways to give advice are when natural disasters happened and gave classes to emperors,but these two methods with a great chance,and applied to a narrower scope.Whenever a natural disaster or unusual phenomena happened,emperors reflect on their own,at the same time asked advice for officials.Meanwhile,the scope of the officials who could give advice widened,and the content could also be touched on some sensitive topics.While gave advice when gave classes to emperors only happened among the young emperors, who wanted to study.Partâ…¢andâ…£:Discussed the emperors' attitudes in the early Qing Dynasty to accept and refuse the advice,and the activities of Ke Dao.At the beginning,officials' advice on the system-building could be accepted mainly,making the state machinery of Qing Dynasty operating in a very short time.But the advice about tonsure,fleeing slaves and so on,were refused.Ke Dao who undaunted by power were degraded.The enthusiasm to express their real views disappeared nearly.From these,we knew that Shunzhi emperor maintained Manchu's behalf mainly.Kangxi emperor was an enlightened monarch.He refused advice on prohibition of the sea and moving the people near sea away,which resulted in disaster on economy of coastal areas.During the period of Yongzheng and the early of Qianlong,political situation was stability. From then on,Qianlong emperor couldn't listen to officials' home truth,the problems under the peace and prosperity rose.Jiaqing and Daoguang emperors could listen to the home truth in the early stage,but they gave up in the later stage,and the prosperity situation of Qing Dynasty was no longer.Qing Dynasty was gradually going down.Partâ…¤:Analysis of the change of Expostulation System in Late Qing Dynasty. After the Opium War,China entered the modern times in a very humiliating way. Traditional Chinese political,economic,ideological and cultural system began a painful transition because of the impact.In order to salvation,people with lofty ideals started to explore the way of strengthening the country and fought for aggression from all aspects. They lay particular emphasis on the study of the West in science and technology at first, implementing the Westernization Movement,but ended in failure.Then,people considered ways to save the country in the political system instead.They conclude that, compared with the West,the crux of the Qing Dynasty going to the dogs was:the gap between monarch and common people,and common people's opinions should not reach the top.The solution lay in the House,the Congress,to replace the autocratic rule with democratic rule.Scholars and government officials called on for several decades,the Qing court accepted the House and the Congress in the end,and implemented the Preparatory Constitutional.Even though the autocratic imperial power could not be reconciled to exit the stage of history,the Qing court promulgated a lot of deceptive measures,but the setting up of such institutions as the Consultative Council,Congress marked the transformation of the ancient Chinese system into the modern parliamentary democracy.And the reform of the Qing court indicated that the feudal autocratic system had reached the end,and must make way for the democratic system.Partâ…¥:Select two typical examples of Late Qing Dynasty in giving advice to emperors,analyzing the composing of the people taking part in and the content of advice,in order to sum the era characteristics of the late Qing Dynasty Expostulation System.Compared with the earlier Qing Dynasty's dissuasion activities,the dissuasion activities in later Qing Dynasty was impacted by the political situation deeply,with clear time mark.During this period,the right giving advice to emperors beyond the scope of Ke Dao's,because of the appeal at patriotism,not only Ke Dao gave their advice loyally,but also other officials,intellectuals,even ordinary people expressed their views sincerely.The scope of participants became widened and the content of dissuasion had also a gradual transition to the modern democracy.Partâ…¦:To sum up the whole article.