Animaqing Yamagami Cultural Studies

The culture for Tibetan "mountain spirits" is the most ancient and universal ones in the Tibetan cultures, it is the collective representation that still living and symbols the Tibetan social memory,it will touch the Tibetan traditional culture deeply if we could study it carefully in the way of the case.A-myes-rMa-chen as a mountain is worshipped as the chief of all the territorial deities (yul-lha gzhi-bdag) by the inhabitants of the traditional Tibetan province of A mdo. The formation and evolution of it is accompanying with changes of the Tibetan society,history, culture and religion,it bears avariety of cultural backgrounds and the layers of sediment in different times.The "mountain spirits"culture that derives from A-myes-rMa-chen territorial deity worshipping or has a deep relationship to it not only has the synchronization and relevance to the whole Tibetan culture but also has it own development with trajectory and characteristics.It could glimpse the process of the formation and evolution of the whole Tibetan "mountain spirits" culture, explore the formation of deep roots of this ancient culture, know about the social functions and cultural values of it, understand the Tibetan "mountain spirits" culture is the characteristics of A-myes-rMa-chen has a important role of constructing the Tibetan tribe society,the ethnic and cultural identity,review the ritual, structure, symbolic meaning and some universal model for Tibetan "mountain spirits"culture by studying the formation, development and dissemination of this typical case of cultural.The front part of this dissertation discussed the nature and the historical context of A-myes-rMa-chen, its names and identity, origin, image and showed the basic view that A-myes-rMa-chen is the symbol of the junction of the nature and culture,the culture of this old password has been rewritten, the sacred mountain is the mature pattern in the development of "mountain spirits"culture; The following chapters entered into "the sacred mountain", studied the pilgrimage route,the holy land explaining, the literature genre for the holy text, the deep and diverse rituals, further proposed that the affect the transmission pattern of A-myes-rMa-chen is the "Three Circles"pattern, the kinship inner circle that basis of blood, the tribal alliance intermediate circle,the outer circle that basis of the Tibetan Buddhist pilgrimage. This rich levels and rank-ordered pattern is the pattern that in the shape of infiltrative and dynamic circle,the inner circle and the intermediate circle is the core circle that constructs the Scared Geography of mGo-log and its surrounding community, this is the outstanding representatives of the precious cultural roots for Tibetan, the part of the outer circle is the most strong culture; In the end, A-myes-rMa-chen as a Natural Perception makes the diverse and far-reaching contribution to Cultural Memory, A-myes-rMa-chen worship is representation for social grouping,the way of this grouping not only comes from primordial attachment,but also agrees upon intermediary by the tool.The entire dissertation is going on in the theoretical framework of the historical and religious Anthropology, based understanding, interpretation, in-depth analysis of the local knowledge and to accumulate the thinking, discuss the symbolism of the A-myes-rMa-chen worship, the complicated symbols, the formation and structure of the "mountain spirits"culture, the motives and emotions that hidden behind its and this kind of cultural patterns whether has the general explanatory.The study impenetrated a understanding for "culture":Culture is the collective representation and guidelines that shared by a group of people,it basis of symbols and realized through the human's activity otherwise it is empty. The distinctive quality of human existence basically lies in who attaches to the society,for example,the system of the "mountain spirits" as a representation in the Tribal society just reflects kinship is the basic program for the whole society.It is very important to do fieldwork well to know about A-myes-rMa-chen living at present and also cares for the history, so, it must understand this mountain spirits in the course of Tibetan complex history,this is just the point that the historicity and reality of the Anthropology. The ethnography material demonstrates folk memory constructs another "history", organizing the change system of A-myes-rMa-chen culture with historicity,it could be seen as a kind of history that neglected by the mainstream culture, Tibetan Buddhism. A-myes-rMa-chen as the natural perception contribution to cultural memory is just the "historical text" that could be read.The main method of this dissertation is to analysis, study and use the traditional Tibetan literature and to do some fieldwork including the participant observation, the individual interviews, the questionnaire survey, the cultural relic literature collection.In brief, the Tibetan "mountain spirits" culture is a very complex cultural system,it is compose of the in-depth Tibetan ideology content, the middle that shows as various religious rituals, caste, kinship, and teaching of Tibetan Buddhism, the surface that all kind of concrete existence shows as material or physical form; In the view of times, the Tibetan "mountain spirits"culture has a generation and development process, the certain cultural clump belong to it is not generate at the same time, there are primary level cultural and secondary level culture that is present as the prehistoric culture, Bon culture, and Buddhist culture in the history of Tibetan culture,this three kinds of cultural shapes has some differ and common characters.This study is to investigate the forming process, shape development and cultural characteristic of the A-myes-rMa-chen "mountain spirits" culture deeply, discover one kind of pattern in a series of specific observation, inquire into the category of the case, the existence shape as well as its social meaning in the whole Tibetan cultural system's developing path, wishing to provide a reference framework for the Tibetan "mountain spirits" culture, and promote in-depth study of Tibetan traditional culture.