Collaborative Public Management: Ideas,Structures And Process

With the development of information and communication technology, nowadays,society gradually entered the era of flatting and networking, with the rapiddevelopment of civil society and the growth of the third sector, non-profitorganizations play an increasingly important roles and the complex and wickedproblems beyond organizational boundaries overgrow. The government managementmodes shift from government to governance, the actors of governance is givenpriority to with the government is gradually turning to the public, private andnon-profit joint participation in the " third governance" mode. Qangos, networks,partnerships in the public sector in the provision of public services has become acommon structure form and system arrangement. Public managers gradually discover,they are not alone as a single organization leader, but through mutual coordination andcooperation with other sectors, organizations and individuals to work together.Management and leadership gradually shift from the traditional command--obediencemode to negotiation--consultation mode. The forms of organization is graduallyturning from bureaucracy to network, the scope of management ranges from internalaffairs in single organization to cross-cutting issues. The complex cross-boundary andcross-sector public policies and public issues features more and more prominent,inter-organization, cross-boundary collaboration the significant focus of publicmanagement researchers and practitioners, public management has entered a newstage, namely collaborative public management(CPM) mode.The rise and cause of collaborative public management mode is discussed andanalyzed by using the literature research and comparative normative analysismethod, as well as the core content including value concept, organization structure,dynamic process, and from the height of the intellectual history from administrativeassessment reflection collaborative public management patterns of innovation andlimitations. The whole article is according to collaborative public management mode"What?"-" why?"-" how to do?" The train of thought and logic evolution of down. The organization networking brought by social change and the development ofinformation and communication technology, the congestion state and fragmentationbrought by new public management movement and the privatization, the complexityof social issues and public policies,the weakening and corrosion of civil society andsocial capital,jointly promote the rising of CPM, which originates from organizationexchange theory, transaction cost theory, resource dependence theory, networkgovernance theory, intergovernmental management theories and new managementregime theory at different levels and from various perspectives.CPM emphasizes the horizontal, vertical and cross-sector collaboration,including the collaboration within government and between different sectors, as wellas the collaboration among public, private, the third sector and individuals. CPMdiffers with bureaucratic single organization regarding organizational structure,process, leadership and power relationship. The organization features networkingrather than bureaucracy; management process emphasizing negotiation,communication, agreement and conflict management, rather than the simplecommand chain execution; leadership emphasizes catalytic and transformationalleadership, rather than just to complete the task; power relations on equal partnership,not top-down relationship between superior and subordinate. With respect to the NPM,CPM is the next step. CPM emphasizes cooperation and collaboration, rather thancompetition and response to customers; emphasizes the creation of public value ratherthan on the one-way pursuit of economic value; stresses the interaction amonggovernment, enterprises, NGOs and individuals, rather than just contracting andprivatization. CPM and collaborative governance theory shares common processvalue, such as transparency, accountability and trust, CPM is the extension ofgovernance theory at the operational level. CPM pays more attention to the localissues, while the latter pays more attention to national and international issues; CPMpays more attention to the interdependence at organizational level, the processmanagement and the choice of policy tools at the operation level, while governancetheory more on civic engagement and multiple centers. In CPM process, the publicsector is in the core position in inter-organizational collaborative networks; while in collaborative governance process, government agencies are gradually lose thedominant position and become one of the participants and with less difference instatus.CPM has collaborative advantage of resource sharing, efficiency improved,synergetic seamless service provision, and also collaboration inertia andcollaborative paradox. Collaborative public service arrangements are affected bymany factors, and there is still skepticism about the outcomes of CPM, CPM is facingperformance and accountability dilemma. The effect of collaboration in public servicedelivery and the collaborative capacity is influenced by individual, organizational andsocial factors. The effects of collaborative public management mode has suchdisadvantages as lack of innovation, the organization conflicts of increased difficulties,coordination, cooperation face problems cost principal dilemma and collaboration andcoordination of the existence of inert paradox. Collaborative public management ofthe diversification of China's public service supply, the super-ministries reform,regional public management system reform and to reform the civil service system hasimportant significance.