| The difficult position of the Chinese sea power and sea rights is fundamentally the lack of the governmental management of the marine cause and improper provision of the related services, leading to the abnormal development of the marine cause, which can be shown as follows: the lack of protecting power of the sea, the disadvantageous position of China in the competition of marine cause among different countries, and the dislocation of domestic ocean development planning, administrative management, and legal protection, etc.The current research attempts, by means of the analysis tool in economics, to offer some suggestions on how to get rid of the difficult position. This dissertation includes 6 chapters.Chapter 1 is an introduction.In this part, the autor points out that after the promulgation of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, all countries began to appreciate the rights and interests of the sea, and disputes have be aroused on the sea power and sea rights among China and its neighboring countries connecting each other by sea, which formed the first background of the sea power and sea rights attracting much attention in China; the bottleneck of resources and the prosperous trade resulting in China's worry about the the energy provision and the transportation security, brought the second background of the sea power and sea rights attracting such attention in China, both of which embody the significance of this research in practice.Chapter 2 is a literature review. Based on the review of the status quo of the researches on the Chinese sea power and sea rights, the author points out that some researches were trying to provide some suggestions on how to achieve the Chinese sea power, by means of exploration of the Chinese sea power from the perspectives of law, international politics, and military affairs, or of exploration of the gains and loss of the Chinese marine cause at the level of institutions, or of the comparison between China and other countries and the knowledge of the reality of China. Due to the shortage of knowledge, methodology and analysis tools, there is a phenomenon of serious segmentation and repetition in related researches, and there is not an interrelating general system, and no research could present the panorama of the Chinese sea power and sea rights. Against this background, those suggestions and proposals for the improvement of the sea power can not make any fundamental change. It is good to find that effective explorations on methodology have been made in the field of economics for breakthrough in the researches on the sea power and sea rights. This doctoral dissertation, following the clue of those explorations mentioned above, after the illuatration of the difficult position of the Chinese sea power and sea rights, and analysis on the problems, tries to put forward an entire set of proposals for the improvement of the Chinese sea power and sea rights, which is the contribution of this research.Chapter 3 will analyse the various components of the sea power and sea rights with the cost-benefit analysis as the methodology. After summarizing the relationship among the different components, the author tries to find out, in terms of the connotation of the world sea power and sea rights, the most important factors in the development of one country's sea power and sea rights at different phases of development, from the international competition to international cooperation, from one country's obligation to the international obligation.Eventually, I find that different components make up a group of components, in which different components often alternatively present a kind of interrelations of cost and benefit, i.e., A is the cost of B, B is the benefit of A, B is the cost of C, and C is the benefit of B ..., and in this way, some circulations have been formed. Within the group of components, different components present the paratactic or complementary relationship, i.e., the development of A may make up for the limitation of B, vice versa. In this sense, any change of the components in sea power and sea rights may affect the entire sea power and sea rights.Among various components of the sea power and sea rights, the governmental management, science and technology, education and talents'cultuivation play the most fundamental role, just as the the backfielder in the football match; industrial production, sea transportation capacity,trading capacity, and marine protection power are the most important components, just as the midfielder; the marine industry, marine trade, exploitation of sea resources, marine resources, ports, coastline, and strategic pass on the sea constitute the material presentation of one country's benefit of the sea power and sea rights, and the first three seem the ball shot into the gate of the opponent team, and the rest the goal of one's own team. The national characteristics, oversea market and population, the world sea power and sea rights, territory, etc. represent respectively the football cuture, the force of one country's football team, the competition between one country's football team and its opponent, the competition between the football of one country and other matches. In my view, the chronically changeable or unchangeable components, and changes and features beyond description are not the essential in the changes of the sea power and sea rights.Thus it can be seen that the governmental management,science and technology, education and talents'cultivation, industrial production, sea transportation capacity, trading capacity,and marine protection power constitute the most important components supporting one country's sea power and sea rights.The sea power and sea rights of one country should seek the path for improvement in (?)he changes of these components (accidentally these components are all changeable).So the competition of the sea power and sea rights among different countries is the competition of these components. Since these components are all related to the capacity or quality of the governmental management and relative servies, in one word, the competition of sea power and sea rights is the competition among governments of different countries.The practice of the Chinese sea power and sea rights confirms this point. Based on the above illustration, Chapter 4 exams the conditions and situations of various components of the Chinese sea power and sea rights. After the anaysis of all the problems that the Chinese sea power and sea rights is confronted with, it turns out that the Chinese sea power and sea rights is confronted with the problem - how to change competitive property rights, coming from the potential property rights, into property rights, and the realization of the property rights. Obviously, it is almost impossible to, in a very short time, achieve the improvement in the marine security protection, joint marine management, scheme on its development, and legal supporting. However, it is necessary to achieve the development of marine cause and the protection of the sea power and sea rights. Thus, the difficult position of the Chinese sea power and sea rights, under the condition of lack of property rights protection and exploitation, is how to meet the need - to require the governmental management and relative servies.Luckily, we have a leading card in China's histry.Since the Western Han Dynasty, the Chinese border and land power have been several times confronted with the same pressure. The orientation and the phase of development of the Western Han Dynasty are quite similar to the situation in modern China.In early Western Han Dynasty, reflection on and being weary of war became the common choice of both the governing group and the ordinary people, development was considered the top priority and the ideas of rehabilitation and the confusionism were treated as the guide lines. But these ideas were constantly disturbed by Xiongnu's harry in the border area. The current China is in the similar situation: hiding its capacity and biding its time, and embracing the five principles of peaceful coexistence, China today tries to seek development, but the enemy with wild ambition on the sea watch and wait for the right time, threaten, and rob us. What is more similar is shown in the disadvantages of China's military power: the armed forces and the capacity of winning the marine resources of modern China can not gurantee a complete sea power and sea rights, similarly,the substenance was far from enough during the fight for a complete land power in the Western Han Dynasty. First,moving and fighting ability is not as good as the Xiongnu People who made a living on riding and shooting, forces for dereign and threatening were weaker than the surrouding enemy, Han forces could protect the inland territory, but could not effectively get rid of the invasion and destroy of other people in the border areas; second, there was no confidence and experience in the border exploitation; last, strategic locations were in the hands of its enemy, so it was very passive in attack, defence and trade.Therefore, the passivity of the Western Han Dynasty at the land border is similar to the embarrassing marine situation of China today: both need to, under the condition of insufficient substenance, develop and improve this kind of substenance, meanwhile achieve the complete integrity and rights and interests, so as to have a peaceful and safe space for its economic developmemt.The Government of Western Han Dynasty solved the problems by means of land exploitation. Chapter 5 aims at finding out the power of this wisdomThe Western Han regime, after the prilimanary accumulation of wealth, by means of soldiers'exploitation of new land and the increase of population in the border areas, combining the obligations of production with self-defence, achieved the two aims at the same time: economic development and the strengthening of active armed forces, effectively sovlving the problem: the shortage of logistic supply. The land exploiters not only explored the border, promoted the extension of agricultural technologies, contributing to the economic development, but also provided the sufficient armed forces,grain and forage, leading to the increasing significance of the land exploitation. What is especially worth mentioning is the civilian land exploitation, which, in the form of property rights as a promise, made the exploitated land connect with his life in the cost-benefit analysis, leading to the necessity of the exploited land in the national cost-benefit analysis, actually increasing the profits of the state by a large margin, achieving the complete land power. Thanks to its low cost and good benefit, the wisdom of land exploition is still available so far.At present, after the rapid development in the past 3 decades since the reform and opening up, the Chinese government is affluent enough to initiate an entire scheme, addressing the crisis of the coastal areas and territorial seas. What's more, the Chinese government also accomplished various reforms with government playing the leading role. Here and now, it is possible to put forward an entire set of so-called sea-exploitation strategiesToday, after over two thousand years, we have increasingly detailed social division of labor, and there are many differences between the land exploitation and sea exploitation at the level of details. The army men transferred to civilian work will not directly engage in production, and the original intention of land exploitation will never be to provide directly armed forces and logistic materials backing for the military operation.However, the general ideas of mutual promotion of economics and military affrairs, combination of armymen and civilians, intergration of military and civilian affairs have continued to be used. The soilders for the development of the marine military forces are to be selected among the qualified sea exploiters and their family members; the retired armymen of the Chinese navy may join those sea exploiters; those sea exploiters on the wild and remote islands or for a very long voyage could have their own armed forces within certain limitation; the bilateral trade with the neighboring countries bordering by sea should be developed, the development on border should be boosted, and so forth, all of the which are the experience from the land exploitation of the Western Han Dynasty.But, compared to land exploitation, priority of the sea exploitation is given to its contribution to the economic development.It includes the dedicated guardianship and management of islands, and the encouragement and support of the coastal areas development.The aim is, with the hard work of the sea exploiters, improvement of the marine industry structure, and progress in related science and technology, to strengthen the ability of obtaining wealth from the sea, and to boost the Chinese marine economy,achieving the goal of making marine economy the main vigor of the Chinese economy in the future, and maintaining the Chinese economy a rapid growth. Based on those above, the government can not only have the motivation of improving its management and services, but also obtain the ability of improvement in the related management and sevices. According to this, the strategies on the sea exploitation will be discussed in Chapter 6.First, to make the strategy of marine development embodied in the constitution, i.e., to add to the constitution the related content about promoting the marine development and boosting the exploitation and utilization of the marine resources.Second, in order to change the current disordered situation of the system of marine laws, and to make agreement on the knowledge of marine resources at the legal level, to combine various laws, rules and regulations involving marine cause into the basic law of Law of the Sea.Third, in order to improve the situation of the different strategies proposed by different departments in the process of the marine executive and administrative management and the governmental servies, to set up a marine cause committee at the level of the central government, aiming at coordinating the involvement in the marine cause of different departments and places at the local level.Fourth, the orientation of the sea exploitation: combination of governmental management with non-governmental operation, combination of peace with war, and combination of army men with civilians. The sea exploitation requires the leading role of the government, but it means not over involvement of the government in the sea exploitation at the very detailed level, but the guarantee of sea exploitation featuring the combination of preparation for war with production developing in the direction designed by the national strategy of the marine development.Fifth, stress of the sea exploitation is on the improvement of those weak links in the Chinese marine cause. The orientation of sea exploitation should be those vacuum places where the marine industry is comparatively speaking backward, and where the governmental management and servies could not be offerd in time.Sixth, the detailed suggestions: first, sea exploitation mainly depending on the civilians with the exploitation of the army men as a supplementary means; second, to make the retired army men play an active role in this regard; third, to create another 50 cities of Shenzhen mode, and form the coastal economic zones;fourth, great efforts made to encourage the island exploitation;fifth, to properly help the development of certain aspects of the marine cause; sixth, to carry out relative cooperations with those countries with which China have the disputes on the sea power and sea rights; to develop sea exploration at any impossible environment.Undoubtedly, exploitation is not all, at the meanwhile, strengthening the army especially the navy is the equal important thing.
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