| Liver is the largest organ involved in several human metabolic processes. But sometime it is injured in different causes such as protein deficiency, hepatic viruses, alcohol, chemical contaminant and adulterated foods. On the other hand, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity and cigarette smoking are major risk factor for stroke, heart attack and coronary heart disease (CHD). There is a number of synthetic drugs have discovered and are now used for treatment of people suffering from high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and liver diseases, but they are found to be companied with other negative side effects. Therefore, people’s choice is growing now to find out alternative preventive foods instead of medicine. Recently there has been much concern also by the food scientists, medical scientists and nutritionist to discover preventive foods to reduce the CHD and protect the liver from viral hepatic diseases. Hence the study has carried out on the effects of foxtail millet (FM) diet viz. uncooked (UC) FM flour diet, cooked (C) FM flour diet, uncooked extracted (UCE) FM protein diet, cooked extracted (CE) FM protein diet, uncooked extracted enriched (UCEE) FM protein diet and cooked extracted enriched (CEE) FM protein diet induced by D-galactosamine liver injury and blood lipid profile in mice.Extraction of protein followed by enzymatic method, simply using 7%a-amylase, flour to water ratio of 1:5 (w/v) and shacking in water bath at 50℃for 36 h with adjusting pH 7.0, yielded high quantity of concentrated protein (7.17 g per 100 g) with high protein level (44.07%).Normal diet, casein, UC, C FM, UCE, CE, UCEE and CEE FM diet was used to feed the D-galactosamine injected mice and without injected of D-galactosamine in mice. Body weight, liver weight and blood lipid profile was evaluated. The observation showed that ingestion of UCE and UCEE FM protein diet significantly reduced the body weight and increased the liver weight induced by D-galactosamine in mice. Biochemical markers such as serum enzyme activities aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydogenase (LDH) and lipid peroxidation stress malondialdehyde (MDA) were studied as confirmation of liver damage test. These serum AST, ALT and LDH and lipid peroxidation stresses MDA were performed by using commercial kits. These studies showed that serum AST, ALT and LDH and lipid peroxidation stress MDA were markedly increased induced by D-galactosamine in mice. But the elevated serum AST, ALT and LDH activities and lipid peroxidation stress MDA were significantly suppressed by feeding the UCE and UCEE FM protein diet. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) for plasma and liver increased remarkably by intake of UCE and UCEE FM protein diet. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels for plasma and liver was decreased greatly by the ingestion of UCE and UCEE FM protein diet. Liver histopathological study showed that liver cell necrosis and degeneration was absent by intake of UCE and UCEE FM protein diet, indicates that UCE and UCEE FM protein diet had protective effect on reducing the liver injury induced by D-galactosamine in mice.Gut microbial studies demonstrated that the abundance of Sutterella genus at the phylum of Proteobacteria in UCE FM protein diet and the abundance of Akkermansia genus at the phylum of Verrucomicrobia in UCEE FM protein diet may be contributed to improve the gut barrier function in mice.Considering the findings on physiological functions, biochemical markers, cholesterols for plasma and liver, liver histopathological analysis and gut microbiota, it appears likely that UCE and UCEE FM protein diet have potential to ameliorate the D-galactosamine induced liver injury. Future research is needed for understanding the mechanism by which UCE and UCEE FM protein and gut bacterial species acts for reducing the D-galactosamine induced acute liver injury in mice. |
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