| Objectives:The aim of this study is to collect the medical records and prescriptions which have Yin-nourishing herbs in the traditional Chinese medical (TCM) records and medicine monographs in Ming-Qing Dynasty, and then, summarize the traditional Chinese medicine’s characteristics, identify the law of compatibility of medicines in prescriptions via the data mining techniques combined with statistical analysis and traditional Chinese medicine theory knowledge.Methods:1. The evolution of academic thought in treatment febrile disease, the law of compatibility of Yin-nourishing herbs and herbs with other effects, and the application of data mining techniques in the field of TCM were collected in and before the Ming-Qing Dynasty by the literature research method. These will be laid a foundation for the following choice of data mining methods, suitable determination of Yin-nourishing and understanding of Yin academic thought.2. The data mainly comes from the existing ancient books relating to treatment for febrile disease in Ming-Qing Dynasty, then choose the representative ones. Ming-Qing medical records, prescriptions and the corresponding medicine property databases were established for the collected 1562 medical records and 481 prescriptions by Microsoft Office Excel 2013. The data are analyzed by using Office Excel (Frequency statistics), SPSS 21.0 (Factor and Cluster analysis), and xMiner (Association analysis), respectively after data preprocessing.Results:1. The following is the nature and flavor of medicine in the prescriptions of Ming-Qing physicians treating Yin-deficiency syndrome of febrile disease. Four properties of medicine: mainly cold, followed by warm and calm. Five flavors of medicine:mainly sweet, followed by bitter and pungent. Channel tropism of medicine:mainly lung and heart meridian, followed by spleen and stomach meridian, liver and kidney meridian.2. Through frequency analysis of Yin-nourishing drugs, it finds out the commonly used Yin-nourishing drugs:Radix rehmanniae, Ophiopogon japonicus, Rhizoma anemarrhenae, Dendrobium, Scrophularia ningpoensis, Paeonia lactiflora pall, Bamboo leaf, Radix adenophorae, Radix trichosanthis, Rhizoma phragmitis, Ginseng, American ginseng, Angelica sinensis, Donkeyhide glue, Japonica rice, Jujube, Radix rehmanniae preparata, Schisandra chinensis, Radix puerariae, Radix asparagi, Polygonatum odoratum. Radix rehmanniae, Ophiopogon japonicus, Rhizoma anemarrhenae, Scrophularia ningpoensis, Paeonia lactiflora pall, Bamboo leaf, Radix trichosanthis, Rhizoma phragmitis, Ginseng, Angelica sinensis, Donkeyhide glue, Japonica rice are common statistical results. Yin-nourishing herbs are classified into tonic drugs and Heat-clearing drugs with effect of Yin-nourishing according to the efficacy of Yin-nourishing drugs, and herbs of nourishing Yin (Ophiopogon japonicus, Dendrobium, Radix adenophorae, Radix asparagi, Polygonatum odoratum, etc) are most commonly used, followed by herbs of Heat-clearing (Rhizoma anemarrhenae, Bamboo leaf, Radix trichosanthis, Rhizoma phragmitis), Qingre Liangxue herbs (Radix Rehmanniae, Scrophularia Ningpoensis), herbs of nourishing blood (Paeonia lactiflora pall, Angelica sinensis, Donkeyhide glue), herbs of nourishing Qi (Ginseng, American ginseng, Japonica rice, Jujube).3. Though association analysis of Yin-nourishing drugs, it finds out 30 herb pairs and 44 herb groups commonly used. Among them,9 pairs and 9 groups of high support and confidence are:Japonica rice-Glycyrrhiza uralensis,Japonica rice-Rhizoma anemarrhenae, Schisandra chinensis-Ophiopogon japonicus,Cornus officinalis-Radix rehmanniae preparata and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi-Ophiopogon japonicus-Glycyrrhiza uralensis.8 pairs and 5 groups of high support and low confidence:Tribulus terrestris-Dendrobium, Jizihuang-Donkeyhide glue, Semen Plantaginis-Radix Rehmanniae, Cornu rhinoceri asiatici-Paeonia Lactiflora Pall-Radix Rehmanniae. These 51 herb groups which nourish Yin can be divided into 10 categories according to the effects:nourishing Yin and Heat-clearing(16 groups), nourishing Yin and Qingre Liangxue (9 groups), Shengjin Zengye (8 groups), nourishing blood (6 groups), supplementing Qi and nourishing Yin (4 groups), nourishing blood and promoting blood circulation (2 groups), Wind-dispersing and Heat-clearing (2 groups), Jianpi Yishen (2 groups), Heat-clearing and diuresis (1 group), nourishing Yin and Wind-dispersing (1 group).4. Through frequency analysis of Yin-nourishing drugs, it finds out that the basic components of the Ming-qing medical records and prescriptions are similar. The nourishing Yin prescription consists of herbs of nourishing Yin, nourishing Yin and clearing away heat, following herbs of nourishing Qi and nourishing blood. The commonly used herbs are:Radix Rehmanniae, Cortex Moutan, Scrophularia Ningpoensis, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Gypsum, Bamboo Leaf, Radix Trichosanthis, Ophiopogon Japonicus, Radix Asparagi, Dendrobium, Radix Adenophorae, Ginseng, American Ginseng, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Jujube, Paeonia Lactiflora Pall, Angelica Sinensis, Donkeyhide Glue, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata. It would combined with drugs for Heat-clearing, such as flos lonicerae, Forsythia Suspensa; drugs for relieving cough and reducing sputum, such as Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Aster tataricus, Radix Stemonae and Tussilago farfara; drugs for disinhibiting water and percolating damp, such as Talc, Poria cocos, Alisma Orientalis and Mutong; drugs for regulating Qi flow, such as Citrus reticulate, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Fructus aurantii immaturus, Fructus aurantii and Radix Aucklandiae; drugs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, such as Radix curcumae, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, Safflower, Radix Paeoniae rubra, Peach kernel; drugs for relieving spasm by calming endogenous wind, such as Oyster, Antelope Horn, Uncaria, Concha haliotidis, Gastrodia elata; drugs for warming Yang, such as Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata.5. Through factor analysis and cluster analysis, it finds out the five categories and 16 subcategories:type of wind and heat invasion of lung (Rhizoma Phragmitis, Bamboo Leaf, Radix Puerariae), dryness invading lung (Rhizoma Phragmitis) in category of weifen syndrome; type of Retention of Heat-Phlegm in the Lung (Rhizoma Phragmitis), Yangming fervidity (Japonica Rice, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae), lung-heat and intestine-dryness (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Paeonia Lactiflora Pall, Radix Puerariae), dry-heat impairing lung (Ginseng, Ophiopogon Japonicus, Radix Rehmanniae, Donkeyhide Glue), damp-heat pattern (Rhizoma Phragmitis) in the category of qifen syndrome; type of hot burning yingyin (Radix Rehmanniae, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Scrophularia Ningpoensis, Bamboo Leaf), flaring heat in qifen and yingfen (Scrophularia Ningpoensis, Radix Rehmanniae, Bamboo Leaf, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae,Baimi, Angelica Sinensis), stirring blood due to intense heat (Radix Rehmanniae, Baimi, Angelica Sinensis) in the category of yingxue fen syndrome; type of kidney-yin deficiency (Ophiopogon Japonicus, Ginseng, Paeonia Lactiflora Pall, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Schisandra chinensis, Donkeyhide Glue, Baimi), pathogenic qi in yinfen (Paeonia Lactiflora Pall, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Rehmanniae, Scrophularia Ningpoensis, Turtle Shell, Radix Adenophorae), xuexu shengfeng (Radix Adenophorae, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Paeonia Lactiflora Pall, Angelica Sinensis) in the category of lower jiao syndrome; type of qi and yin deficiency (Dendrobium, American Ginseng), qi and blood deficiency (Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Angelica Sinensis, Schisandra chinensis, Chinese yam, Semen Ziziphi spinosae), lingering pathogen due to deficient vital qi (Ophiopogon Japonicus, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Trichosanthis, Bamboo Leaf, Japonica Rice, Dendrobium, Rhizoma Phragmitis) in the category recovery period of febrile disease.6. Through frequency analysis of symptoms, it finds out the main symptoms corresponding to Yin-deficiency:thirst, fever, sweet, cough, sore throat, loss of appetite, fretful, insomnia, coma, cheat tightness, asthma, constipation, difficulty and pain in micturition; tongue image corresponding:red or deep-red tongue, yellow or white tongue coating, dry fur; pulse corresponding:rapid, wiry, bounding, fine and floating pulse.7. Through frequency analysis, it finds out the commonly used fresh herbs including herbs with nourishing-Yin effect:Radix Rehmanniae, Dendrobium, Rhizoma Phragmitis, Lotus leaf, Acorus tatarinowii Schott; and juice of herbs:pear, sugar cane, Rhizoma Phragmitis, lotus. These fresh herbs and juice of herbs can be classified on the basis of Differentiation of Syndrome According to the Pathgenesis of Sanjiao.Conclusion:1. According to the classification of drug efficacy, the drugs of nourishing Yin mainly consist of herbs of Yin tonic which are used for yangyin shengjin, and herbs of clearing heat and Qingre Liangxue with nourishin-Yin effect, followed by herbs of nourishing blood, herbs of nourishing Qi and Yin. It reflects the rules that sweet-cold (cool) nourish Yin in upper and middle jiao, and sweet-cold, salty-cold, sour-cold, sweet-warm nourish jingxue in lower jiao. Radix rehmanniae, Ophiopogon japonicus, and Rhizoma anemarrhenae are the most frequently used drugs. These result display the characteristics of medicine selection and rules.2. The main effect of herb-pairs with nourishing Yin commonly used in Ming-Qing is nourishing Yin and Heat-clearing, nourishing Yin and Qinre Liangxue, Shengjin Zengye, nourishing blood, supplement Qi and nourishing Yin, and etc.3. The main composition of prescription is herbs with nourishing Yin, herbs with nourishing Yin and clearing heat. The rule of treatment is nourishing Yin and clearing away heat, that is to say balancing tonic and eliminating pathogen; the nature and flavor, channel tropism meet the pathological characteristics of Yin-deficiency of febrile disease, and it reflects the rules of composing prescriptions:nourishing Yin with sweet-cold, nourishing tonic with sweet-warm and clearing away heat with cold. Simultaneously, it would combine with drugs for heat-clearing, drugs for relieving cough and reducing sputum, disinhibiting water and percolating damp, drugs for regulating Qi flow, drugs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, drugs for relieving spasm by calming endogenous wind, drugs for warming Yang, etc.4. The main symptoms corresponding to Yin-deficiency:thirst, fever, sweet, cough, sore throat, loss of appetite, fretful, insomnia, coma, cheat tightness, asthma, constipation, difficulty and pain in micturition; tongue image corresponding:red or deep-red tongue, yellow or white tongue coating, dry fur; pulse corresponding:rapid, wiry, bounding, fine and floating pulse. The main types of syndrome:type of wind and heat invasion of lung, dryness invading lung in category of weifen syndrome; type of Retention of Heat-Phlegm in the Lung, Yangming fervidity, lung-heat and intestine-dryness, dry-heat impairing lung, damp-heat pattern in the category of qifen syndrome; type of hot burning yingyin,flaring heat in qifen and yingfen in the category of yingxue fen syndrome; type of kidney-yin deficiency, pathogenic qi in yinfen, xuexu shengfeng in the category of lower jiao syndrome; type of qi and yin deficiency, qi and blood deficiency, lingering pathogen due to deficient vital qi in the category recovery period of febrile disease. The compatible principle of herbs with nourishing Yin reflects that thought of nourishing Yin throughout the whole process of treatment.6. Fresh-herbs and Fruit-herbs are commonly used to treat febrile disease by Ming-Qing physicians. |
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