A Lexical Study Of The Qitai Dialect

This paper takes Qitai dialect vocabulary as the research object, through the study and arrangement of Qitai dialect vocabulary, analyzes the features of the word building of dialect vocabulary and overlapping forms, the difference between Dialect sememe system and Mandarin sememe system from the perspective of lexicology, conducts a certain analysis of minority dialect loanwords according to the language contact theory, has the comparison study of longitudinal and transverse aspects on the dialect vocabulary ad tries to explore the system and rules of dialect vocabulary.Except for the introduction part, the whole text is divided into seven chapters, ad the contents are as follows:The introduction firstly expounds the reason for topic selection. It introduces the research history and present situation of Chinese dialect vocabulary and the reasons for the choice of study Qitai dialect vocabulary in the condition that there is a lack of Chinese dialect vocabulary in Xinjiang.Qitai dialect district belongs to LAN Yin Mandarin Tami districts with great consistency with Xinjiang Chinese dialects, but there is difference between domestic dialects. Qitai county is divided into six towns and eight small towns. On the whole, there is little dialect vocabulary difference between every town and the main urban district of Qitai county without the difference of districts. It is still blank for the study of Qitai dialect vocabulary, only on the basis of the whole description and summary of the previous research of Xinjiang Chinese dialect vocabulary, there is some understanding of Qitai dialect vocabulary, so Qitai dialect vocabulary system is lack of deep research. On the basis of field investigation, this paper established a corpus with a relatively complete classification, and provided a detailed and rich corpus base for the dialect vocabulary study. At the same time, it studies the difference between Mandarin and Qitai dialect, and Qitai dialect and other dialects with the modern Chinese lexicology, semantics, dialectic geographic typology theory as guidance, based on the synchronic and diachronic levels, mainly through the difference comparisons in order to explore the structure characteristics and semantic rules of Qitai dialect vocabulary.The first chapter carries out the introduction and description of the general situation of Qitai county. Qitai county is located in the northeast of Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, subordinate to Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, and located in the eastern part of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture. The west is connected with Jimsar County, the east is connected with Mori Kazakh Autonomous County, the south is in junction with Turpan city, the north is connected with Fuyun County and Qinghe County and the northeast is neighboring with Mongolia people’s Republic of China with 21 nationalities in the county, among which Han nationality is the majority ethnic, accounting for 77.76% of the total population.The majority ethnic of the minorities is Uygur minority, accounting for 6.83% of the total population. The geographical environment of Qitai County is unique, and the natural scene combines desert, oasis, Gobi, grasslands, valley, forests, ice and snow and other natural landscapes as a whole with a variety of landforms of mountains, hills, plains and deserts. Qitai dialect is formed on the basis of several large-scale immigration dialects in history, mainly Shan’xi, Gansu and Ningxia dialects as the dialect, and the dialect belongs to LAN Yin Mandarin Tami districts. Unique historical and ethnic composition make Qitai dialect show unique vocabulary characteristic.The second chapter conducts the research of the word formation of Qitai dialect. Qitai dialect and Mandarin vocabularies have consistency in terms of morpheme and word formation, but there are significant differences. In the aspect of morphemes, for the words to express the same concept, some morphemes are exactly the same, there is different, some are completely different; in the way of word formation, suffix "Zi" in Qitai dialect is very rich, and is most widely used. The number of prefix in Qitai dialect is not much, in addition that the prefixes "a, lao, di, chu" which are commonly seen in Mandarin also exist in the Qitai dialect, there are common affixes "er", "ri", "sao", whose virtualization degree in Qitai dialect is not as high as the true affixes, and in the formation of words, the meaning of the words often have some relation with the original meaning. Qitai dialect has some common suffixes in Mandarin, such as "zi", "tou", "men", "jia", "jia", "shou", "gui", as well as some monosyllable suffixes of "a", "tai", ke" with some features of dialect, complex syllable suffix "wa zi", the meaningless duplicate syllable suffixes "xixi", "jiji", "jiajia", "bula", "washen", "bujiji" etc..in the adjectives. The suffix "Zi" has a very strong ability of word formation in Qitai dialect, for it can not only form a noun with the root morpheme combination, but also may constitute the quantifiers, adjectives, adverbs. In minority loanwords, it also often combines with the transliterated words, among which, the number of formed nouns is the largest.The suffix "Zi" in Qitai dialect has three kinds of grammatical functions:the function to form the word, the function to change the speech features, and the function to distinguish the meanings.The suffix "zi" has the semantic function of representing the figures and things. It can be seen from the the suffix "zi" comparison of Qitai dialect and other dialects,in the internal Lan Yin Mandarin area, the structures and functions of the suffix "zi" are relatively close, for example, dialects "Ban Yin Zi (days), Ban Gan Zi (clothes)" of Xi’an dialect of the Central Plains Mandarin district and the suffix "zi" state adjectives of Jin dialect belongs to the same type as the suffix "zi" state adjectives of Qitai dialect, but the structure categories and grammatical functions are not the same. It can be proofed by comparing by comparison that the new function that the suffix "zi" is used as the adjective is the new innovation including Qitai dialect, which embodies the common characteristics of the northwest dialect and long-standing close relationship.The third chapter makes a research on the overlapping form of Qitai dialect. The overlapping form is a very common phenomenon in Qitai dialect. The overlapping of Qitai dialect has the dual functions of word formation and configuration in Qitai dialect, among which, the word formation is rare, and the configuration is much, especially the number of the word root overlapping "AA" type configuration with the prototype of the "A" type is very big with the very high frequency of use. After overlapping, they often have "little sememe" or "contemptuous sememe", and can also express "love" in different contexts. Other forms of overlapping has some similarities with Mandarin, such as "ABB" type, "AABB" type, "ABAB" type and so on. The overlapping is not limited to the morpheme or word.The fourth chapter compares the differences between Qitai dialect and Mandarin semantics, and mainly discusses two aspects of the glosseme differences and semantic field differences between dialect and Mandarin. Qitai county is located in the northwest of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China, on the whole, dialect vocabulary sememe system is different from the Mandarin vocabulary sememe system, and reflects certain regional characteristics in the aspect of expressing a certain geographical features, nationality and religion, life habit, food category. In the the semantic domain width of the same thing, the widths of Qitai dialect and Mandarin are different, and in the sememe number, Mandarin and the dialect are also not corresponding, and the sememes vacancy phenomenon generally exists between Mandarin and dialects. At the same time we have the listing and analysis of the dialect’s semantic field, which will be divided into synonymy semantic field, antisense semantic field, polysemy semantic field and classification of semantic field, analyze the sememe difference of Mandarin and dialects,and try to explore systematicness of the dialect sememe and the law of the linguistic phenomenon through semantic field. Compared with Mandarin, the sememe numbers of synonymy semantic field corresponding to the dialect are different and the relationship is also different. Antisense righteousness field mainly lists the antonyms whose dialect sememe is not the same as Mandarin to reflect the characteristics of dialect sememe. Select the dialect sememe which can express the local characteristics to form the classification sememe field. It is investigated that in expressing the diet, musical instruments, geography, religion and other semantic fields, the sememes reflecting the objective things and Mandarin dialect are different. Most of the sememes owned by the dialect but not Mandarin are from the minority ethnic loanwords.The fifth chapter carries the research on the minority language loanwords of Qitai dialect. Because Qitai is located at the northeast of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and since ancient times, there have been many ethnic minorities, that the Chinese dialect loanwords from ethnic minorities is the inevitable result of the contact of the languages of minority nationalities and Han nationality, is the need of communication of the speakers in a bilingual environment and also the need to express the unique concept. Loanwords with the largest number is Uyghur words and the borrowed ways mainly have three ways of sound translation, sound and meaning translation and meaning translation, covering all aspects of daily life. Loanwords is the inevitable result of close communication and contact between ethnic minorities and Han nationality for a long period, as well as the result of joint action of social factors (including social progress, economic development, population distribution, policy guidance and so on) and language factors (the need of language communication, language development and so on).The sixth chapter conducts a transverse comparative study of Qitai dialect vocabulary and other dialects vocabulary. This chapter is divided into three sections for comparison between the dialect vocabulary. The first section is the comparison between Qitai dialect vocabulary and the representative district vocabularies of Xinjiang LAN Yin Mandarin Tami districts and Nanjiang central plains Mandarin dialect. The second section is the comparison between Qitai dialect vocabulary and the representative district vocabularies of Yinwu district, Jicheng district, Hexi district of Lan Yin Mandarin dialect out of Xinjiang. The third section is the comparison of Qitai dialect vocabulary and the representative dialect vocabulary of the seven dialect areas. Through three levels of comparison, we can tease out the relationship of the vocabulary of Qitai dialect and other areas of Xinjiang, LAN Yin Mandarin areas out of Xinjiang and dialect vocabulary of seven dialects, and provide certain evidence for the dialect belonging according to the division of speech.The seventh chapter is the longitudinal comparison of the vocabulary of Qitai dialect and ancient Chinese vocabulary. The last of Qitai dialect includes the comparison of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese diachronic vocabulary of Qitai dialect. The ancient Chinese language in this paper refers to ancient times Chinese and modern times Chinese, while modern Chinese includes the period of the late Tang and the Five Dynasties to Qing dynasty. Although Qitai is formed on the base of the immigrant dialect, but also retains some ancient Chinese and modern Chinese vocabulary, some of which are directly used and some have some changes in meaning and grammar. This chapter mainly collected some words related to ancient Chinese, with the help of rhyming dictionary, wordbook, dictionaries and literary works, such as "Shuo wenjiezi (origin of Chinese characters)", "dialects", "Song benyupian", "Song benguangyun", "Ji Yun", "journey to the west", "heroic biography", "the West Chamber", "Assess of the outlaws of marsh", "Liaozhailiquji", "a dream of Red Mansions", "Jin Ping Mei", "Pipa record", "Chinese Dictionary", "Chinese Dialect Dictionary" to explain these words, and according to the actual situation of their inheritance from ancient Chinese to have the sorting and obtain the inheritance, variation and development law of Qitai dialect and ancient Chinese words.