Manchu And Han:a Historical Probe Of National Thoughts And Practice Of The Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history,demonstrated considerable luminescent spots,especially in terms of the reconstruction and maintenance of the huge united multinational country.In spite of many guarantees.the Qing Dynasty always attached great importance to the efficient adjustment upon the relationship between the Manchu and Han.The ruling fundamental traits of the Qing Dynasty were embodied in founding a whole efficient national thoughts in either positive or negative way and also put these national thoughts into contradictory and complicated political practices on that ground.Generally speaking, the national thoughts system based on the relationship between Manchu and Han and gradually came into being are composed of the national thoughts of the roots of Manchu, the national thoughts of Manchu and Han mixed up as one family, national thoughts of national salvation with constitutionalism,the national thoughts of ailway nationalismand the national thoughts of nationalism.These five national thoughts systems were usually amalgamated rather than individually exited with the condition that in some cases certain national thoughts prevailed over the rest with its distinct feature.This kind of feature precisely demonstrated the complicated historical trend of national thoughts,political practices and country transformation in Qing Dynasty, notably the traditional national thoughts,as confronted with the current of national thoughts from the western countries during the end of the 19th century,the Qing Administration which was based on the cultural system composed with mutinationalities and also a representive at the peak of the state form of the empires managed to avert a crisis of disintegration as an empire during the modern era, maintained the unwavering continuity of state form as an empire,namely a maitainence of mainly intact territory, multinational framework as well as the strengthening of sense of national identity with the Chinese characteristics. This phenomenon is attributed to the concept of China with Chinsese characteristics maintained the continuity of unification gene and established a norm of national thoughts and practice of the Qing Dynasty. Meanwhile,the national thoughts and practice of the Qing Dynasty kept on intensified and spured the reform of concept of China as well as better adapt to national condition..Both the the concept of China and the national thoughts of Qing Dynasty just played the role of maintainence of the unified China,hence it gradually came into being and a aggrandizement of sense of Chinese nation identity with the unity of pluralistic,thus exerted a tremendous impact on the Chinese histoy.This dissertation is categorized into seven parts.The first chapter is introduction focusing on three questions:the question with the content that relationship betweenManchu and Han as well as the national thoughts and practice raised by the historical circle both at home and aboard and also the explanation and value of probe,the retrospect of academic history,main contents and methods.Chapter two focuses on the founding of the Qing Dynasty and the immenent clash between the Manchu and Han in the aftermath of its founding on which ground the Qing administration formulated the fundamental national thoughts and its practice of the Manchu.Chapter three refers to the concentration and adjustment conducted by the Qing government and implemented the national thoughts of Manchu and Han united as one family and a series of political movements as the governing consolidating day by day.Chapter four mainly discussed the new trend of the relation between Manchu and Han before and through Reform Movement of 1898 and the aftermath and above which gave rise to a national thought transformed from traditional national thoughts into modern national thoughts,among which the national thought of constitutional salvation advocated by Liang qichao reckoned as the example.Chapter five mostly covers the severe relationship between the Manchu and Han the Qing government encountered,it positively was dedicated to the advocation of the national thoughts of ailway nationalism and also the reform in this regard in the realm of politics.Chapter seven is the rest part referring to the attempt to elaborate the relationship between Manchu and Han covered the most important lever.The core of of this question is still a political issue,however the national thought and its practice focusing on the relationship between Manchu and Han during Qing Dynasty indubitably was conducive to the process of the integration of the Chinese nation since modern times.