Human Capital And Family Capital’s Impacts On The Employment Of College Students

With the accelerated popularization of higher education in China, the number of college students entering the labor market has increased significant recently. There is a clear employment problem of college students due to the continued decreasing employment elasticity of economic growth and the double barrier dual in the labor market. Student Employment has caused widespread concern in the community and the research about employment of college students has earned themselves an priority status in the economics of education, labor economics and sociology as well as other fields of research. As two main forms of capital, human capital and family capital have exerted pervasive influences on the employment of college students. Any study of single perspective cannot render satisfying and convincing conclusions. In order to obtain more convincing results, the combinning two perspectives of human capital and family capital and digging deep into all aspects of college student employment with detailed investigation is necessary. Therefore, taking the dual perspective of human capital and family capital as the research starting point, an empirical study of employment situation and the results of employment through the actuall large-scale sample survey data can be rendered. By using the results, the mechanism of human capital and family capital affecting the employment can be revealed. And on this basis, some specific recommendations in order to promote the employment of college students can be forwarded.Combined with qualitative and quantitative research, literature research and field research, this study has collected many relevant documents. Through field surveys, interviews as well as in-depth analysis to draw the conclusions, many different methods such as field surveys in the survey questionnaires, the network questionnaires and interviews in the investigation can be used. Field survey is mainly different levels of Jiangsu Province, and representative of different types of investigations related to college students. Network survey has been employed mainly for the previous survey of college graduates. We take semi-structured interviews for a part of employment teachers and different representative unit related to college students.Through the analysis of the data, this research mainly found that:(1) Employment cognitive is a psychological activitity that college students become aware of the employment or employment in the course of its role and realistic evaluation and action. The level of understanding for employment cognitive will directly affects their actual employment action. The survey proves that college students’overall cognitive ability to self-employment is in the medium level. Most college graduates think that they have a good learning ability, communication and interpersonal skills, leadership ability and anti-frustration ability. Only a few graduates consider themselves poor in these abilities. From the point of employment situation, college students are under the pressure but more confident currently overall. A minority of students are great stressful, confused and anxious. Apart of students also want to seek effective employment guidance and help.(2) Employment expectation was the comprehensive embodiment of jobs, employment areas’and salary standards for college students. The more abundant human capital and family capital, students are more likely to go top unit or work in opened coastal cities. Correspondingly, they have the higher level of salary expectations. In terms of units expectations, this survey shows that most college students think highly of the ideal nature of the employment unit, state-owned enterprises, institutions and foreign companies. The empirical results reflect that college students with adequate family capital preferre to go abroad or go to the southern coastal open cities and areas for employment. From the point of salary expectations, most of the employment of college students focused on the 2000-4000 RMB salary expectations.(3) The performance of employment policy will show significant differences because of different individual human capital stock and family capital stock. The empirical study shows that both human capital and family capital have significant effects on the graduates’ own businesses aspiration, desire to go to work in the regions of western, organizations of grassroots level and poor areas. This survey shows that most college students are willing to choose their own businesse of employment, but mostly have not put into effect mainly because there is no source of enough funds. The survey results also show that nearly forty percent of college students are willing to choose to the western, grassroots and poor areas of employment while thirty percent of college students are reluctant to go to the western, grassroots for employment.(4) The difference between the employment cognition, employment expectation and the performance of employment policy will ultimately lead to different employment results. And different employment results will directly result in different industries and the engagement of different types of work. It will also give rise to different income disparities and different social stratifications. This study measures the employment outcomes from three aspects such as the nature of units, the average monthly income and the job satisfaction. The empirical study shows that:the human capital factors such as the types of college, the level of college, professional types, educational levels and the political landscape will place implications on the nature of their employment units and the average monthly income. There are significant gender differences in job satisfaction of college graduates. The male’s job satisfaction is even higher than the female counterparts. The higher level of education, the more satisfaction these graduates have. The job satisfaction of their children will be higher if they have more abundant family capital, higher level of family social class and more extensive social ties.(5) Upon the human capital and family capital of the role of college student employment mechanism, the family capital will have more permanent influences. If the family capitals are more abundant, the individuals in higher education quantity access and quality access will take a significant advantage. With the expansion of higher education opportunities, inequality of opportunity will transform from the obvious "inequality of quantity" to the more hidden "inequality of quality ". From the perspective of mechanism, some dominant families will transfer family capital advantage to educational opportunity advantage through the direct resource exclusion and the indirect cultural transmission in order to gain the edge for higher education. Specifically, the role of economic capital through the family economic resources, exclusion can be achieved by the family of political capital; the role of family social capital resources can be achieved privileges implicit rejection of exclusion and resources; cultural capital can be achieved through family and cultural reproduction and cultural transmission. Meanwhile, the empirical study shows that family capital has significant effects on graduates’ academic performance, their student leadership ability, the awards during the study and the English level at school. All of these constitute the main operation of human capital indicators for college students. Further capital will transfer family capital advantage into human capital advantage and ultimately lead to the performance results for the employment opportunities and employment advantages.Based on the empirical results, this study put the following recommendations with an aim to relieve the employment of college students. This has become increasingly prominent contradictions and promoting higher education in a virtuous and healthy way. Firstly, the higher education development direction should be changed from the quantity expansion to quality improvement. Secondly, the government should fully support the college students to hunt for a job in the western, primary and difficult areas and improve the treatment of various clients. Thirdly, we should establish and improve the entrepreneurship policy system, create a favorable business environment, increase funding support for college students and set up professional student career guidance department and so on. Fourthly, the college students should foster the concept and expectation of employment at the population stage and put the concept of employment into market orientation and self-employment in an effective way. Finally, we should strive to create fair and transparent environment for employment and job market, eliminate regional discrimination and sex discrimination in the employment of college students. We also should increase financial subsidies to the western and northern Jiangsu and other underdeveloped areas for college students. By ensuring policy coherence and continuity, practical implementation and our fully support should also be offered.