A Study On The Handicraft Industry Remains Of Zhou Period Of The Central Plains

In the central plains,handicraft industry has a long history and advanced technology.It plays a very important role in the history of the development of handicraft industry in ancient China.The remains of the handicraft industry in central plains from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are regarded as the research object,among which research field covers Henan province,southern part of Hebei Province,Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province,southern part of Shanxi.As far as cultural pattern is concerned,the spatial scope of the study centre on control areas of the capital city and main general cities of the Zhou period.Based on the archaeological discoveries of cultural relics,including the new archaeological discovery in recent years,using complex research methods,including stratigraphy and typology,statistical comparative analysis,double evidence method,absorbing achievements of many subjects,make comprehensive research on the handicraft industry categories,operation chain of individual category,regional characteristics the development,then further discuss the related issues.This paper is divided into six chapters.The first chapter is the introduction,which mainly expounds and defines the time and space scope of this paper,reviews the history and present situation of the research,and introduces the purpose,significance and methods of this paper.The second chapter confirms the handicraft workshops in each category based on the criterion of the handicraft industry production and make analysis.The third chapter discusses the chain operation of categories which have clear production remains of handicraft industry including bronze,iron,pottery,bone and jade processing,in order to restore the production flow and the true state of the production outlook.In the fourth and the fifth chapter,based on the analysis of the connotation and operation chain of the handicraft industry,make research on the region division and development phase.The sixth chapter further discusses the related problems of handicraft industry,such as the division of labor,the managing modality,the organization and management and the status of the handicraft labors.The seventh chapter is the conclusion.The main points are as follows:The study of the archaeological remains of the handicraft industry is of great significance for the dynamic grasp of the handicraft industry development of Zhou period.The so-called handicraft industry remains,refers to the production facilities,sites and products which can reflect the handicraft industry.Handicraft industry remains are not self-evident,often exist in the form of workshops.Therefore,by the criterion setting,identify the number and category of handicraft workshop,altogether there are13 bronze casting workshops,12 iron-casting workshops,24 pottery-making workshops,10 bone making workshops,6 jade making workshops.This paper argues that the categories of handicraft industry which have clear production remains,may be analyzed by "chain" perspective,dynamic information extraction workshop report,to explore the different kinds of handicraft industry chain operation,to restore the isolated production link.The analysis showed that the bronze casting operation chain system,including mould manufacturing,bronze casting and finished products processing,mould manufacturing link includes the mud selection,mould making,composite mold,drying and abandonment of custody;Basic procedures of casting include construction of furnace and casting.Finished product processing include grinding,repair,and material recycling process.The operation process of iron smelting industry chain includes building furnace,making pottery mold,drying mold,casting mold and related processing after molding such as decarburization annealing.Pottery operation chain includes selecting material,washing(pug),storage,clay molding,drying,trimming and kiln firing.The bone operation chain includes bone material selecting,material,cutting,billet implement,fine processing and finished products,decoration etc.The stone and jade operation chain includes: excavating,transporting,the blank making,processing such as cutting,carving,polishing,etc.Based on the distribution of handicraft workshops and operation chain analysis,regional differences and performance are proposed.The handicraft industry of Zhou Dynasty in Central Plains can be roughly divided into five areas,they are Guanzhong area,ZhengLuo area,southern Shanxi and western Henan district,southern Hebei and northern Henan district,southern Henan district.The Guanzhong area is dominated by the relics of Western Zhou Dynasty,is the center proved by category,quantity,proportion,scale of handicraft industry.The handicraft industry categories of ZhengLuo region is complete,covering the entire Zhou period,the entire region can be divided into two sub centers of Luoyang and Xinzheng,the development trend of the two area industrial contrast reflects the rise of the strength of the nations and the decline of kingship.The main remains of southern Shanxi and western Henan district belong to the Eastern Zhou period,mainly reflects the handicraft industry development of Jin country.Iron smelting industry is prominent in the southern Hebei and nothern Henan district,indicating the advance and popularization of iron smelting industry in the late Warring States period.Behind the development there are both technology reason and social reason.Handicraft industry of southern Henan district distributes more scattered,small scale.Based on the analysis of the handicraft industry production remains according to the changing judge of the handicraft industry categories,the level of technology,products,handicraftsman,organization management,handicraft industry pattern,the author finds that the mid of the spring and Autumn period and mid of the Warring States period are the two important points of the whole Zhou period,so the handicraft industry development can be divided into three phases.The first phase is from the early Western Zhou period to the early of the Spring and Autumn period,during which the category,the technical level and the handicraftsman have obvious inheritance relationship with that of late Shang,on the whole there is subtle development,but not the essence,can be regarded as the continue development period.The second phase is from the mid Spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States period,contrast with the former phase,the handicraft industry categories has increased significantly,new categories such as iron and glass begin to emerge,other handicraft technology level has greatly changed,especially in the bronze casting,techniques adapted for mass production,handicraft industry pattern also changed,handicraft and commerce related more and more closely,can be regarded as the transition period.The third phase is after the mid Warring States period,during which the new appearance iron smelting industry of last phase industry obtains rapid development,become the most important categories,and other traditional handicraft production technology is shaped,only the style is subtle changed,especially the use of a variety of decorative art,but as far as technical essence is concerned,compared with last period,there is no substantive changes.The relationship between industry and trade is more close,especially showed in the minting industry.Handicraft industry pattern formed,the private handicraft industry vigorous development,so this is a stereotyped period.