Study On The Management Of College And University Students During The Nan Jing National Government Period

After the Northern Expedition,the NanJing national government reunified China in form.The consolidated regime political power provided more stable and continuous policies for the development of the higher education,rather than the discontinuous education policies during the Beijing government period due to regime changes.But on the other hand,during the Nanjing national government period,a variety of factors such as war,economic crisis and natural disasters all had a negative impact on the development of higher education.This paper aims to study the management of college and university students during the NanJing national government period,combining the political,economic,social and cultural background together and to explain the reform practice of the management of college and university students from the angles of the ideological and moral education,behavioral norms management and relief policy with a view to study systematically and comprehensively the historical evolution,content category,method initiatives,historical characteristics and limitations of the management of college and university students and thus tries to fundamentally grasp the basic connotation and changing laws of the management of college and university students.This paper argues that the management of college and university students during the NanJing national government period is the practice of Su Yat-sen's "Three People's Principles" theory in the field of higher education with the targets of cultivating the ideological and moral quality and self-management ability of college students,enhancing the Kuomintang's control over young students and being an important way to transport the university graduates of a "Repubican spirit" to the society.Party education and discipline aimed at strengthening the ideological and moral education of college students.The politicized,systematic and institutionalized party spirit education curriculum and training management initiatives,made the "Three People's Principles" theory and the infusion of the Kuomintang party spirit integrated into the daily management of students.The training organizations of colleges and universities surrounded the training goal followed the training principles and implemented the training and education for students,to keep students under the ideological control of the Kuomintang.Its purpose is to allow students to agree with the Kuomintang's ideas and moral values,and then recognize the Kuomintang's dominance.The cultivation of autonomous organizations and the conduct examination designed to regulate the conduct of college students.There were mainly two types of student autonomous organizations in colleges and universities: student councils and student groups.Students made friendly contact in the process of organizing and practicing in the activities and exercised their ability learnt knowledge.But the excessive autonomy of the students sometimes had a negative impact on the daily order of the school.The junior colleges and higher universities formulated conduct examination procedure and examined students' conduct at any time,and ranked or graded their conduct performances as a condition of students' awards recommendation,thereby achieved the goal of conduct education of students.Student funding and employment management designed to help students with financial difficulties and employment difficulties.During the Anti-Japanese War,many universities migrated to the west,producing a large number of college students in exile.The government successively established scholarships,loans,public expenses and war-zone students aid measures in order to adapt to the requirements of talents of all aspects in wartime,and strived for these youths to the Kuomintang government.At the same time,all sectors of society also lent a helping hand to donate.Colleges and universities,on the one hand,actively requested subsidies from the government,and on the other hand,also set up the school scholarship,set the work-study positions,encouraged students to a fund-raising campaign to raise funds for relief for students through multi-channels.During the middle and later periods of the National Government,the college students had to face up with the severe employment situation under the various impacts of politics,economy,education,college students' personal subjective choices and so on,which reflected the difficulty of college students' employment education and management.On the one hand,the economic downturn during the national government period led to the sluggish employment of college graduates;On the other hand,the unreasonable college admission structure and course system and lack of students' employment guidance led to disconnection between the professional quality of graduates and social needs.In addition,the social employment mechanism and college students' too high career expectations were also the important causes of university graduates' employment difficulties.The government set up the national academic work office and the graduate employment training class to solve the problem of college graduates employment.The colleges and universities also set up the employment agencies.To some extent,these measures only solved part of the problems,but did not reach the effect of permanent cure.Throughout the university students' management during the NanJing national government period,some educators abandoned the feudal education ideas and introduced western education theories.They respected the students' individuality development in the management,to some extent,reflecting the "student oriented" management concept and promoting the metabolism of the university students' management system in China.But on the other hand,under the dictatorship of the Kuomintang(KMT),colleges and universities became the ruling class' tool of educating students,which brought a strong "control" color to the student management in colleges and universities.The bureaucratic of the university management system,the unscientific of the management system and the unstability of college education funds all hindered the development of college studen management.