On Stone Implements From Tenghualuo Site

Polished stone implements are the main tool of production in the Neolithic Period.Ways of using and making polished stone implements have important relationship to the neolithic social life and social production.The Tenghualuo site,located in Lianyungang,a city in north Jiangsu,is an important site of the Longshan culture.A considerable number of polished stone implements were excavated from the site.Researches on the ways of making and using these stone implements are very important when people try to find out the social formation,production and lifestyle in Tenghualuo site.The subjects of the study are 11 stone axes,107 stone adzes and stone chisels,69 stone arrowheads and stone spears.All of them are excavated from the Tenghualuo site.The majority of them belong to the Longshan culture.The minority of them belong to the Yueshi culture.The specific research methods of this study referenced a series of methods which brought up by Huang Jianqiu,including observation,life-sized drawing,photography,microscopic observation,experimental archaeology study,ethnological comparative study,lithology analysis and exploring the sources of stone.Through meticulous and detailed work,the writer tries to discuss the classification,ways of using,and object of action of the polished stone implements excavated from Tenghualuo site.At the same time,the writer researches the productive forces which reflected by these stone implements.Based on the discussion and research,the writer speculates the life scenario of people lived in Tenghualuo site.There are six chapters in the thesis.The first chapter is introduction.Firstly,the writer briefly introduces Tenghualuo site and the subjects of the study(stone axes,stone adzes,stone chisels,stone arrowheads and stone spears excavated from Tenghualuo site).The order of the study,is to speculates the productive forces and the life scenario of people lived in Tenghualuo site through the research of polished stone implements.Then the writer introduces the Tenghualuo site and the related research history succinctly,summarizes the experience of previous study and points out that the innovation of this thesis is tools of production research in Tenghualuo site.Finally,the writer summarizes the present situation and development of polished stone implements research,classifies the research and sums up the research ideas and research methods.The second chapter is the research of Tenghualuo site's stone axes.The main research material is 11 stone axes excavated from Tenghualuo sites.After typological analysis,the writer observes the stone axes through eyes and microscopes,analyzes the surface marks and the result of microscopic observation of each type of stone axes.Using ethnological materials,the writer duplicates stone axes,tries to rehabilitate how our ancestors used the stone axes,and tests the microscopic observation.It is confirmed that stone axes in Tenghualuo site could be classified into two types:stone axes and stone wedges.They were used to deal with wood.According to the results of tests,when being used,stone axes may shear off from where their handles were installed;when they are used as stone wedges,the upper part may broken because of striking.The third chapter is the research of Tenghualuo site's stone adzes.The main research material is 107 stone adzes from Tenghualuo sites.After typological analysis,the writer observes the stone adzes through eyes and microscopes,analyzes the surface marks and the result of microscopic observation of each type of stone adzes.While using ethnological materials and referencing other scholars' conclusion,the writer studies the using ways and object of action of stone adzes through experimental archaeological methods,and tests the microscopic observation.It is confirmed that the stone adzes in Tenghualuo site can be broadly used as adzes,chisels and planes.When they are used as chisels,they could be divided into chisels for repair and chisels for drilling.As an important kind of daily tool,stone chisels' objects of action include wood,bamboo,animals,etc.The fourth chapter is the research of Tenghualuo site's stone arrowheads and stone spears.The main research material is 69 stone arrowheads and stone spears from Tenghualuo sites.After typological analysis,the writer observes the stone arrowheads and stone spears through eyes and microscopes,analyzes the surface marks and the result of microscopic observation of each type of stone arrowheads and stone spears.While using ethnological materials and the result of inquiry,the writer duplicates the stone arrowheads and stone spears,puts forward the principle and method of stone arrowheads' and stone spears' classification.Based on the experiments' result,the writer finds that each part of the stone arrowhead could be polished in different directions and different ways in accordance with various shapes and thickness.discusses the distinctions between the the stone arrowheads and stone spears in using ways.While stone arrowheads and stone spears are different in functionality,the main two functions of them are hunting small animals and fishes.The fifth chapter is the lithology and the source of stone research of Tenghualuo site's polished stone implements.After the lithology analysis of Tenghualuo site's stone implements,the writer discusses the principal and tendency of people who lived in Tenghualuo site when they chose stone materials.Then,the writer deduces the origin of stone material in Tenghualuo site through the field trip and specimen collection.Basing on these researches,the writer discusses the Tenghualuo ancestors' quarry strategy.The sixth chapter is the conclusion of this thesis.The writer sums up the researches mentioned above and speculates the productive forces of Tenghualuo site and corresponding era.The writer also gives his opinion on how to improve the methods on polished stone implement research.Finally,the writer points out some imperfections of the study and forecasts the prospect of polished stone implements research.