| In the establishment of Chinese modern higher education,the experience of western higher education had been absorbed as reference,and thus it involved the elements of western higher education,which not only reflected in the educational system,but also used in the university textbooks.In the early period of the Republic of China,the native universities widely imported and used foreign language textbooks,even the proportion of foreign science textbooks reached more than 80%,and what is worse is,the proportion of foreign language physics textbooks reached more than 95%.With the rapid development of higher education,the disadvantages of widely using foreign language textbooks were gradually spotlighted.Since 1930 s,the native scholars have carried out an activity of compiling Chinese University textbooks,and the compilation of physics textbooks has become one of the key points.It has very complicated historical background that the compilation of university physics textbooks.First,the activities of compiling are influenced by "Cultural Nationalism".Cultural nationalism was an important cultural trend of thought during the "May 4th Movement".Cultural nationalists emphasized the differences between China and the West,and opposed blindly copying and imitating the Western civilization,they advocated that using the elements of Western culture which linked to Chinese traditions to achieve national independence and development.This trend of thought has a great influence on Chinese modern education.Second,the activities were influenced by "Indigenization of New Education".Compared with the Chinese traditional education,the new education refers to the education imitated from Europe,America and Japan.In 1920 s,a group of educators began to reform and improve the new education according to the specific national conditions in order to make it more suitable for China,and educators have come to realize the importance of Chinese textbooks to Indigenization of New Education.Final,the activities were also influenced by the development of Chinese physics higher education.Since the founding of the Republic of China,the physics higher education had been rapidly developed,the disadvantages of large-scale using foreign textbooks are becoming more and more prominent,and the cultivation of a large number of professional physics talents also provide the possibility for the compilation of college physics teaching materials.In fact,the science societies and the universities had tried to compile university physics textbooks and begun to review physics terminologies since the founding of the Republic of China.Terminologies are the basis of compiling textbooks.Since the 1920 s,the examination of physics terms organized by the Scientific Terms Review Association and led by the China Science Society has been carried out step by step,and has accumulated rich experience for the unification of physics terms in China.At the same time,many universities have published a series of textbooks that including a number of physics textbooks on the base of Chinese notes.Some science societies have compiled many physics textbooks for the purpose of universal science and communication,too.These compilation and review activities have not much effect due to the lack of joint and financial support,but have laid an important foundation for the mass compilation of physics textbooks.In 1931,Cai Yuanpei put forward "The question of nationalized textbook" and the compilation of textbooks came to a new stage.In 1933,Chinese Physics Society completed the examination and unification of physics terms with the support and organization of the National Government,which cleared many a big obstacle for compiling physics textbooks.The Commercial Press invited domestic experts to form the "University Series Committee" and compiled the "University Series Contents",began to compile university physics textbooks in an organized and planned manner,and published more than 20 textbooks.Under the influence of the Commercial Press,the private publishing houses such asChung Hwa Book Company,the World Publishing House and the Science Books Instruments Company of China and other private publishing houses began to organize experts to compile "University Books" in a planned way,and and published 22 textbooks.These physics textbooks not only changed the structure of college textbooks,accelerated the construction of standardized university textbooks,but also enhanced the competitiveness of local universities,promoted the popularization of higher education,and played an important role in physics popularization in China.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937,the compilation of physics textbooks led by private publishing houses gradually fell into a dilemma and was difficult to maintain.At the same time,the government's control over textbooks gradually expanded from primary and secondary education to higher education.Therefore,the National Government Ministry of Education began to intervene in compilation of university textbooks.In order to compile textbooks,the Ministry of Education has unified the chaotic curriculum in university since 1940,and established "Editorial Committee of University Textbooks" that responsible for the collection,editing and review of university textbooks.In 1941,the Ministry of Education led the compilation of the "Ministry of Education University Textbooks"(MEUT)began to publish,and have 16 physics textbooks among them.At the same time,the publishing house of the Kuomintang Party----Cheng Chung Book Company(CCBC)also compiled and published a set of "University Books",and have 6 physics textbooks among them.These two sets of books and the physics textbooks have continued to be published by the compiling activities of private publishing houses,improving the use of college physics textbooks,and making important contributions to the research and development in Chinese physics science.The compiling university physical textbooks in the Republic of China not only accelerated the unification of physical terms,improvedthe research level of physics,but also promoted the progress of physics in higher education,strengthened the degree of indigenization of modern physics in China,and had an important influence on the education and research in new China.In addition,the competition between indigenization and internationalization in the process of compiling textbooks,and the debate between diversification and standardization provide many inspirations for the compilation of modern and contemporary university textbooks. |
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