Taxonomy Of Fungivorous Thrips(Insecta:Thysanoptera) In China

Fungivorous thrips are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions,feeding on either fungal hyphae or fungal spores from forest leaf-litter,dead woods,grass tussocks and soil humus.Fungivorous thrips,mainly belonging to Phlaeothripidae,contain more than 2500 species in the world.This group inherits many original character and uniquely ecological niche from their fungivorous ancestors.Moreover,fungivorous thrips play an important role in keeping ecological balance because they are closely related to soil moisture,litter and fungus.Fungivorous thrips are sensitive to environmental changes and are utilized as a biological indicator of environmental changes and protection in forest ecosystem.Therefore,fungivorous thrips not only have significant research value in systematics and evolution of Thysanoptera,but also play an important role in forest ecological system.However,the fauna of China has not been comprehensively studied,resulting that the species composition and distribution of fungivorous thrips and their relation to environmental factors remains poorly known in this country.The present thesis was to revise the taxonomy fungus-feeding thrips from China,and briefly analyze the zoogeography of this group.Furthermore,the relationship between species composition and environment variables at 14 sample sites in China was elucidated by the canocical correspondence analysis.The main results as follows:(1)In the taxonomic section,a total of 229 species in 61 genera belonging to 2 families of fungus-feeding thrips were documented from China,including 19 new species,5 newly recorded genera,21 newly recorded specie in China,11 newly recorded species in mainland China,and Dinothrips hainanensis Zhang,1982 is treated as a new synonym of Dinothrips spinosus(Schmutz,1913),aslo Hoplothrips mainlingensis Han,1988 is considered to be a new synonym of Hoplothrips japonicas(Karny,1913).The keys to genus and species of Chinese fungivorous thrips and the illustrations for new species and new record were provided.(2)Newly recorded genera from China: Carientothrips Moulton,1944;Crinitothrips Okajima,1978;Neosmerinthothrips Schmutz,1913;Paractinothrips peratus Mound & Palmer,1983;Pentagonothrips Haga & Okajima,1979.(3)New species: Apelaunothrips crocepes sp.n.;Baenothrips cuneatus Zhao & Tong,2016;Bamboosiella reticularis sp.n.;Bamboosiella sculpta sp.n.;Crinitothrips yinpingensis sp.n.;Mystrothrips levis Zhao & Tong,2017;Neosmerinthothrips elongatus sp.n.;Praepodothrips bicoloratus sp.n.;Psalidothrips angustus Zhao,Zhang & Tong,2018;Psalidothrips comosus Zhao,Zhang & Tong,2018;Psalidothrips fabarius Zhao,Zhang & Tong,2018;Psalidothrips latizonus Zhao,Zhang & Tong,2018;Psalidothrips nigroterminatus Zhao,Zhang & Tong,2018;Psephenothrips brevis sp.n.;Stephanothrips austrinus Tong & Zhao,2017;Terthrothrips levigatus Zhao & Tong,2017;Terthrothrips trigonius Zhao & Tong,2017;Urothrips calvus Tong & Zhao,2017;Urothrips lancangensis Zhao & Tong,2017.(4)Newly recorded species from China: Ablemothrips breviceps Okajima,1999;Acallurothrips nogutti(Kurosawa,1932);Apelaunothrips indicus(Ananthakrishnan,1968);Apelaunothrips maculipennis(Okajima,1976);Bamboosiella brevis Okajima,1995 Bamboosiella graminella(Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish,1969);Bamboosiella lewisi(Bagnall,1921;Bamboosiella sasa Okajima,1995;Bamboosiella xiphophora Okajima,1995;Carientothrips japonicas(Bagnall,1921);Ethirothrips tibialis(Okajima,1975);Merothrips williamsi Priesner,1921;Nesothrips minor(Bagnall,1921);Holothrips flavicornis Okajima,1987;Hoplandrothrips nonakai Okajima,2006;Hoplothrips persimilis Okajima,2006;Pentagonothrips antennalis Haga & Okajima,1979;Paractinothrips peratus Mound & Palmer,1983;Praepodothrips priesneri Ananthakrishnan,1955;Psalidothrips consimilis Okajima,1992;Terthrothrips strasseni Dang,Mound & Qiao,2014.(5)Newly recorded species from mainland China: Ablemothrips maxillatus Ananthakrishnan,1969;Allothrips brasilianus Hood;Azaleothrips taiwanicus Okajima & Masumoto,2014;Ethirothrips brevis(Bagnall,1921);Habrothrips curiosus Ananthakrishnan,1968;Hoplandrothrips coloratus Okajima,2006;Oidanothrips taiwanus Okajima,1999;Ophthalmothrips longiceps(Haga,1975);Phylladothrips pictus Okajima,1988;Sophiothrips nigrus Ananthakrishnan,1971;Strepterothrips orientalis Ananthakrishnan,1964.(6)Fauna and Zoogeographical analyses indicated that 8 genera of fungivorous Phlaeothripidae distribute in Oriental Region and 49 genera distribute Palaearctic & Oriental Region,accounting for 95% of total genera.In subfamily Idolothripinae,the number of genera belonging to single-region(Oriental Region)distribution pattern was the most.However,in subfamily Phlaeothripinae,the worldwide genera were predominant in all distribution pattern.The result statistics from Chinese fauna showed that Bamboosiella Crawford,1948?Psalidothrips Priesner,1932 and Apelaunothrips Karny,1925 was dominant genera of fungivorous Phlaeothripidae.(7)The result of canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)showed that altitude,litter thickness andsoil moisture are major factors influencing distribution of Chinese fungivorous thrips.There was a negative correlation between the distribution of fungivorous thrips and altitude,litter thickness,soil moisture.