| Astronomical instrument can be divided into five categories according to different uses,they are timing,observation,demonstration,astrology and calculation.These five functions can either individually or in combination.The instrument with demonstration function can be called astronomical demonstration instrument,it is actually a comprehensive reflection of astronomical theory and the practice under a certain cultural background.The investigation of the evolution of astronomical demonstration instrument is a direction of writing astronomy history in a comprehensive and complete way.This doctoral dissertation will focus on several key links in the evolution process of Chinese astronomical demonstration instruments,answering several questions: What are the important changes that have taken place in the process of the Chinese astronomical demonstration instrument's import into the world system? What kind of intrinsic and external influences do these changes have? At the same time,what cultural and social implications are involved in the transformation?The first chapter is the introduction of the full text.It introduces and discusses the origin of the topic,the significance of the thesis,the purpose of the study,and the reaserch ideas and methods.It also reviewed and commented on the existing researches,and explored the clues,space,and direction of the papers.The academic world pay little attention to the development and change process of astronomical demonstration instruments.Whether the case study of ancient demonstration instruments or the analysis of the concept,as well as the discussion of the transformation process of modern astronomical demonstration instruments,there is possibility of advancing.The second chapter begins with the types of ancient Chinese astronomical demonstration instruments and verifies the differences between the“ringed sphere”and“solid sphere”in the concept of“Hun Xiang”(??)by analyzing the instruments with the demonstration function in the historical records.The naming cues for astronomical instruments are summarized.In ancient China,there were demonstration instruments under both the“Gai Tian”(??)and the“Hun Tian”(??)systems.Among them,the“Gai Tian”demonstration instrument was mainly based on the Star-map(instrument).The“Hun Tian”demonstration instrument used water-borne automatic astronomical demonstration as the main tradition before Ming dynasty.In terms of the nomenclature of the instrument,basically follow the demonstration of“Xiang”(?),the observation of“Yi”(?),the solid sphere of“Xiang”,and the ring sphere of“Yi”.However,in the case of an armillary sphere demonstration device,it is possible to name the“Xiang”according to the presentation function and possibly to name the“Yi”according to the type of structure,and this causes confusion.The third chapter analyzes the main demonstration instrument of the Han and Tang dynasties,and discusses the use of the instrument in addition to the demonstration,and traces the measurement function of the ancient astronomical instrument.The“Hun Tian Yi”(???)can not only completely explain the celestial sphere structure described in the“Hun Tian”theory,but also be used to make instant comparisons with the observations,so as to examine the the calendar."Hun Tian Yi"includes the demonstration instruments for water transportation during the Han and Tang dynasties,and the measurement instrument with the ecliptic system after Tang dynasty.The combination of observation and demonstration features can be traced back to the ancient“Xuan Ji Yu Heng”(????).The fourth chapter discusses the changes in the viewing mode of the astronomical demonstration instruments in the Song and Yuan Dynasties,and puts forward two necessary conditions for the recognition of the ancient"artificial sky apparatus",which is to look up and operate automatically.In this period,there are three records in Chinese literature that have been chased by modern scholars as"artificial sky instruments."Zhang Sixun'(???)s"Tai Ping Hun Yi"(????)is an astronomical clock type demonstration instrument,and its“artificial sky”is a dome-shaped structure.The second is Su Song's“artificial sky instrument”recorded in“QuWei Old News”(??????).This article believes that the author Zhu Bian(??)'s record of Su Song(??)'s instrument is mainly to describe the old and new party disputes in the Northern Song Dynasty.In the absence of other historical data for confirmation,this should not be used to rewrite the history of astronomical instruments.The third is the“Ling Long instrument”(???)made by Guo Shoujing.It is not a“Hun Yi”,but it is also different from the“artificial sky instrument”in the general sense.It is a sphere that is woven from a uniform metal mesh,stacked rings and other components,the viewer enters the sphere to watch.This is a new type of instrument created by Guo Shoujing.In the process of designing and manufacturing,he inherited the concept of“looking up instrument”in the Song Dynasty and is likely to be influenced by the Arab astronomical instrument.In the fifth chapter,through the research on the introduction of such European small instruments as "Geocentric armillary sphere","celestial globe" and "Heliocentric planetarium",the process of the transformation of astronomical demonstration instruments from the royal family to the society during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was discussed.From the middle and late Ming Dynasty onwards,small-scale astronomical demonstration instruments moved from the royal ritual apparatus to the civil society,became a tool for communication and education,and even circulated in society in the form of goods.The sixth chapter combs and discusses the propagation and development of optical planetarium in China.The optical-mechanical planetarium was born in 1923 at the Zeiss factory in Germany.The invention of this instrument enabled the modern planetarium to originate.The introduction and dissemination of optical planetarium in China was timely.Then the first large-scale planetarium was established in 1957.The primary research and development work was carried out in 1958.In 1973,plans for the construction of multiple planetariums throughout the country were formally proposed.However,China did not participate in the two waves of the construction of planetariums,and thus formed the current pattern of planetarium.What can not be ignored in particular is the influence of the astronomical demonstration instrument culture and tradition.On the whole,the development of Chinese astronomical demonstration instruments has undergone four kinds of changes: the main structure types range from ring sphere to solid sphere;the concentration and differentiation of the functions of demonstration and astrology;changes in the way of viewing;and the astronomical demonstration instruments moved from the royal family to the public and eventually merged with the development of the Globe.Therefore,in Chapter 7 on conclusions,by summarizing the viewpoints and putting them into the way of the development of the world's planetarium,so as to analyze its cultural connotation and modern influence.Chinese ancient astronomical demonstration instrument manufacture treats the sky as an organic entirety and follows the nature's own mode of operation.In addition,Chinese ancient astronomical demonstration instruments have a distinct political significance,and this cultural tradition is left as a recessive gene and continues to this day. |
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