Study On Relationship & Characteristics Of Ecohydrological Processes And Climate Change Of The Lake Baikal Basin

The ecohydrological changes can lead to a possible shift in hydro-climatic parameters,ecology,ecosystem and environmental conditions of Lake Baikal basin.The most sensitive areas for climate change are the arid and semi-arid regions of central Asia.Central Asia especially Lake Baikal basin area is spatially extensive,with pronounced environmental gradients driven primarily by precipitation and air temperature on large scales.Therefore,the Lake Baikal basin is an ideal region to control hydro-climatic parameters and environmental conditions.Determination of the change of precipitation,air temperature,river discharge,land cover,and vegetation cover is a powerful tool which can be used to explore and analyze the linkage associated with human activities,and natural process.Therefore,it is important to study the ecohydrological conditions in the Lake Baikal basin.This study investigated the annual precipitation,air temperature,and river discharge variability at the selected stations of the basin by using Mann-Kendall(MK),Innovative trend analysis method(ITAM),Sen's slope estimator test and statistical analysis.It also used remote sensing,GIS analysis,land cover classification,and vegetation detection methods to assess the land cover,and vegetation in the Lake Baikal basin.The investigated lateral flow estimation of the permafrost was done by applying statistical analysis,modeling,and mathematical analysis.The study investigated the water and environmental management of the basin by applying statistical analysis and analytical and synthesis methods.The selected sub-basins parameters are compared in the Russian Federation and the Mongolian part.In the Russian part of Lake Baikal basin,the result showed that the trend of annual precipitation was significantly increased in Nizhneangarsk(Z=1.06)station.However,precipitation showed a decreasing trend in other stations.The trend of air temperature was increased in Hamar Daban(Z=1.60),Bolshoe Goloustnoe(Z=1.41),Nizhneangarsk(Z=2.18),Ust Barguzin(Z=2.26),and Ulan Ude(Z=3.47).In the Mongolian's Selenga river sub-basin of Lake Baikal basin,the result showed that the trend of annual precipitation was relatively low in the Ulaanbaatar(Z=0.71),Erdenet(Z=0.13),and Tsetserleg(Z=0.26)stations.Murun(Z=2.45)and Sukhbaatar(Z=1.06)stations showed a significant increasing trend.The trend of annual air temperature in Ulaanbaatar(Z=5.88),Erdenet(Z=3.87),Tsetserleg(Z=4.38),Murun(Z=4.77),and Sukhbaatar(Z=2.85)was sharply increased.Precipitation affects long-term fluctuations in river discharge to a greater extent than the other elements in the water balance.The air temperature has increased significantly in all stations,creating a fundamental condition that affects other ecohydrological processes.The river discharge showed an increasing trend in Utulik River(Z=1.98),Upper Angara River(Z=2.12),and Barguzin rivers(Z=2.71).The Selenga River(Z=-2.14)and Khara Murin River(Z=-0.73)discharge trends decreased in the determined study periods.In the Mongolian's Selenga river sub-basin of Lake Baikal basin,the result showed that the trend of river discharge was a high change.The MK curve annual river discharge(changing parameters)shows a sharp decreasing trend in Ulaanbaatar 1994 to 2016(Z=-3.32),a statistically sharp decreasing trend in Tsetserleg(Z=-3.84),a significant decreasing trend in Murun(Z=-1.28),a significant decreasing trend was observed with(Z=-2.05)in Sukhbaatar and finally a significant decreasing trend was observed in all(five stations)(Z=-2.05).The result indicated that the discharge of the Selenga river showed a significant decreasing trend since 1995.The identification of spatial and temporal patterns of changes in climate,land cover and vegetation in Lake Baikal basin was an investigation in the analysis.During the past40 years,there was little increase in precipitation while air temperature has increased by1.6°C.This is very high in the semi-arid zone of central Asia.During the past 10 years,the land cover has changed significantly.Herein grassland,water bodies,permanent snow,and ice decreased by 485.40 km~2,161.55 km~2,and 2.83 km~2,respectively.However,forest and wetland increased by 111.40 km~2 and 202.90 km~2,respectively.About 83.67 km~2 area of water bodies has been converted into the wetland.Also,there was a significant change in Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),The NDVI maximum value was 1 in2000,decreased to 0.9 in 2010.Evidently,it was in the mountainous areas and in the river basin that the vegetation shifted.The findings of this section have implications for predicting the safety of water resources and water eco-environment in Lake Baikal basin under global climate change.Such changes are coinciding with the climate change and human activity process in the Lake Baikal basin.The detailed analysis of permafrost has been performed in the Selenga River basin.The above permafrost drilling points are up to 4 m deep and in summer it is melting due to climate changes.In the permafrost zone,it is possible to calculate underground lateral flow on the permafrost using the newly created formula.Our findings have implications for hydro-climatic changes of increasing air temperature and decreasing precipitation which further changed river discharge in the Lake Baikal basin.These changes influenced soil moisture content and further changed the land cover and vegetation cover.It had a significant change in ecohydrological processes with an adverse impact on the environment.This change coincides with the process of human activity.It is necessary to implement sustainable water resources management in the Lake Baikal basin by coupling the hydrological and ecological processes.To protect the environment in the basin,more land should be protected under special protection.