| Climate change has become one of the most important global problems.Countries and regions around the world are actively responding to the environmental pressure caused by climate change.Forty years of reform and opening up have brought booming economic growth while simultaneously establishing China as the largest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter in the world.With the promoting urbanization,the urban population and construction of China increased,and urbanization has a great impact on energy consumption and carbon emissions.China proposed the construction of new-type urbanization,which is aimed to improve the original "extensive" development mode and to establish urbanization with resource saving,ecological livable and harmonious development.This paper is supposed to analyze the development of new-type urbanization in China from the perspectives of urban household consumption and city construction.On the one hand,urban households are the core of urbanization,and urban household consumption is an important source of carbon emissions.Thus,it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of the carbon footprints of urban households and the mechanism of emission reduction from the national scale to the regional scale,and from the multiple perspectives of industry sector,consumption behavior and regional trade.On the other hand,urban construction is the basis of urbanization development,and it is necessary to put forward appropriate emission reduction policies according to the characteristics of urban carbon emissions to develop low-carbon cities.In order to extend and improve the ideas and methods,and make up for the deficiency of the existing research,the modeling and application of urban household carbon footprints and city-level carbon emissions will be studied in this paper.Therefore,this research will provide the theoretical basis for the low-carbon consumption of urban households and the low-carbon development of cities,and provide scientific decision-making references for the construction of new-type urbanization.The main contents of this paper are as follows:1.Based on the input-output analysis(IOA),this paper developed an accounting model of urban household carbon footprints in China from the perspective of industry sectors.Using this model,we calculated the carbon footprints of Chinese urban households in 2002,2007 and 2012.The impact factors of indirect carbon footprints change were analyzed by structural decomposition analysis(SDA).The results showed that the carbon footprints of Chinese urban households in 2002,2007 and 2012 were 1001.68,1542.56 and 2060.63 million tons,respectively,of which 90% were indirect carbon footprints.The carbon emission ratio of raw coal decreased gradually,and natural gas became the main energy type of direct carbon footprints of urban households."(IO78)Electricity,thermal production and supply" is the sector with the largest carbon footprints.Due to the rapid rise in consumer demand for cars in urban areas,the carbon footprints of "(IO63)automobile manufacturing" and "(IO33)petroleum and nuclear fuel processing industry" increased 15 and 23 folds between 2002 and 2012,respectively.Emission intensity effect was the main carbon reduction factor,and consumption level effect,urbanization effect and population scale effect were the main carbon increasing factors.With the change of economic development pattern and consumption structure of urban households in China,the production level effect and consumption structure effect gradually changed from carbon-increasing factor to carbon-reducing factor.2.Based on the consumer lifestyle approach(CLA),this paper developed an accounting model of urban household lifestyle carbon footprints in China from the point of view of consumption behaviors.We calculated the carbon footprints of eight income levels of urban households from 2002 to 2012,and used LMDI to analyze the impact factors of the carbon footprints.Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient and Lorentz asymmetry coefficient were used to analyze the inequality of carbon footprints.The results showed that the lifestyle carbon footprints of urban households in China increased from 894.08 million tons to 1957.03 million tons from 2002 to 2012.Upper-middle income households were the largest contributors to the carbon footprints."Housing" and "food" were the consumption categories with the largest carbon footprints.The decreasing trend of per capita carbon footprint of high-income and highest-income urban households was mainly due to the decreasing proportion of carbon footprint of "housing" and the transition of lifestyle to low carbonization.As income levels increased,the share of carbon footprints of "transportation and communications" tended to rise,while the share of "housing" and "food" gradually decreased.Consumption level effect and population scale effect promoted the increase of carbon footprints continuously.Emission intensity effect was the main reducing factor of carbon footprints,and the effect of consumption structure was fluctuant.The distribution of "housing" and "food" was more equal,while "transportation and communications" and "other goods and services" had higher levels of inequality.3.Based on the multi-region input-output model(MRIO),this paper developed an accounting model of urban household carbon footprints in China from the perspective of regional trade.We calculated the carbon footprints of 30 regional urban households in 2002,2007 and 2012,and analyzed the changing trends and characteristics of the carbon footprints.Besides,we investigated the carbon transfers caused by interregional trade in order in order to meet the consumption of urban households.The results showed that raw coal was the main source of direct carbon footprints in 2002 and 2007,while more direct carbon footprints were caused by the consumption of gasoline in 2012.Indirect carbon footprints were the main source of urban household carbon footprint in all regions,accounting for 88.60% on average in 2012.Guangdong had the highest direct carbon footprints,while Qinghai has the least ones,accounting for 8.74% and 0.27% in 2012,respectively.The growth of indirect carbon footprints of urban households in Inner Mongolia was the fastest,while that of Hainan and Chongqing was the slowest.Energy production and supply industry was the main industry of indirect carbon footprints in 25 regions.Inner Mongolia,Shanxi and Hebei were the largest sources of carbon emissions transfers.Through regional trade,Inner Mongolia exported products to neighboring regions and eastern coastal regions for urban household consumption,accounting for 74.93% of Inner Mongolia’s total outflow carbon emissions.Guangdong,Beijing and Jiangsu were the regions with the most inflow carbon emissions,accounting for 8.99%,7.56% and 7.02% of bilateral trade carbon transfers,respectively.Beijing’s carbon imports were largely dependent on surrounding regions,with 49.14% of the imported products coming from Inner Mongolia,Shanxi and Hebei.Inner Mongolia,Anhui and Shanxi were the main suppliers of urban household carbon footprints in Jiangsu,while Guizhou,Shanxi and Inner Mongolia were the main suppliers of urban household carbon footprints in Guangdong.4.Based on current city-level carbon emission accounting model,this paper put forward several improvements and took cities in Northeast China as an example to verify the feasibility of the method.We compiled the carbon emission inventory of 30 cities in Northeast China from 2000 to 2015,and analyzed the characteristics of city-level carbon emissions from the perspectives of energy types and industrial structures.Finally,we presented several policy recommendations for carbon mitigation for northeastern Chinese cities.The results showed that the carbon emissions varied among the cities and that most carbon emissions were concentrated in Anshan,Benxi,Changchun,Dalian,Shenyang,Harbin,Jilin and Daqing.In 2012,the total carbon emission level for the 30 cities was 973.95 million tonnes,accounting for 9.71% and 2.75% of national and global carbon emissions,respectively.Most carbon emissions were from energy types,and industrial processes also played an important role in carbon emissions in Northeast China.Additionally,the ?nonmetal and metal industry‘ and ?energy production and supply‘ categories contributed the most carbon emissions,followed by the ?petroleum and chemical industry‘,?transportation‘ and ?mining‘ categories.Both the average per capita carbon emissions and carbon emission intensity were higher than the national levels.To reduce carbon emissions in these cities,we should improve the technical level of heavy industry,reduce the share of coal in the energy mix and shift the industry structure from heavy emission intensity manufacturing industries to services industries with lower emission intensities. |
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