Effects Of Immune Route And Adjuvants On Vaccine Immune Response

Vaccination is the most economical and effective way to prevent infectious diseases.Despite the great progress in vaccine development over the past few decades,we still need to develop higher quality,more effective vaccines.Immunization route and adjuvant play a great role in the development of novel vaccines.The immunization route is the pathway of vaccination.The immunization site is the site where antigen can be presented by the immune system.Common routes include intradermal,subcutaneous,intramuscular,abdominal,intranasal,and digestive tract mucosa routes.Because of different physiological structures and cellular compositions at immunization sites,immune responses usually vary.The choice of immune route is very important to the development of vaccines and to exert the potential of antigens.An adjuvant is an immuno promoter in a vaccine,recognized and processed by the immune system with an antigen to enhance or mediate the immune response.Adjuvants can be divided into various types according to their functions and physicochemical characteristics,and the mechanisms.In order to exert the immune function of the antigen,it is very important to select an appropriate adjuvant.In this research,two vaccines,pertussis vaccine and rabies vaccine,were selected as the object to illustrate the effect of immune route and adjuvant.The antigens of the above two vaccines have clear structure,composition.And all have gold standard detection methods for determining the potency of vaccines.In addition,existing vaccines still remain some problems to be solved,so they are suitable for this research.Pertussis is an acute respiratory infection caused by B.pertussis infection.Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent whooping cough.The acellular pertussis vaccine has replaced the whole-cell pertussis vaccine as the current mainstream vaccine because of its good safety.Although the global coverage rate is over 85%,the protection of the vaccine is not good enough.In recent years,the incidence of pertussis has been rising.It is imperative to develop a more effective pertussis vaccine.Whooping cough is a respiratory infection disease,it is optimal for vaccination via the nasal mucosal route,which may result in systemic immune response and local mucosal immunity,as well as humoral and cellular immunity.In order to study the characteristics of the nasal mucosal immune response and to examine the feasibility of bacterial-like particles as mucosal immune adjuvants,immunogenicity experiments and protective experiments were carried out in mice as animal models,and the results were analyzed.Rabies is an infectious disease caused by rabies virus.The virus can cause infection with dog bites and gradually invade the central nervous system.Vaccination is the most important way to prevent rabies.The development of highly efficient rabies vaccines that induce rapid and timely neutralizing antibodies is very important.Choosing optimal immune route and adjuvant is important to develop new rabies vaccines.In order to study the characteristics of the immune response produced by rabies vaccine via intradermal,subcutaneous,intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes,and to explore the efficiency of various adjuvants in rabies vaccine,the humoral immunity level,vaccine potency,and the characteristics of the adjuvants were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing.The result shows that intranasal pertussis vaccine with bacterial-like particles as an adjuvant can produce adequate immune protection in mice.The Ig A titer in nasal wash samples is significantly higher than that of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant,and provided better protection than that of intraperitoneal injection to mice against challenge.Rabies vaccine can produce high levels of Ig G antibodies via intradermal route.The neutralizing antibody titer reaches 25 IU/m L 3 weeks after immunization,and the vaccine titer is also higher than those of other immune routes;aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles can significantly enhance the efficiency of rabies vaccine,after 7 weeks of immunization,and neutralized antibody titers reached 117 IU/m L,and the vaccine titer reaches 6.59 IU/m L,both higher than other adjuvants.In summary,this study demonstrates that immunization with pertussis vaccine via intranasal route can achieve better immunogenicity and higher protectivity in both systemic and local mucosal immunity.It has been proved that bacterial-like particles can be used as an adjuvant for intranasal pertussis vaccine,which can enhance the immune response against pertussis.This study also demonstrates that immunization via intradermal administration is beneficial to improve the efficiency of rabies vaccine.The alum nanoparticles have a good adjuvant effect,which can enhance the immune response of the immune system to the antigen and enhance the efficiency of the rabies vaccine in mice.