"ZhongTong" Gentry Force And Shaanxi's Sanyuan Local Society In Late Ming Dynasty

The interaction between state and society was inportant research direction in regional social history,the gentry played an important role in interaction between state and society,investigate the role of gentry is of purpose of paper,so we select central Shaanxi as geographical scope of research.Shaanxi played an important role in Ming dynasty,Shaanxi was frontier front in northeast Ming dynasty,the large number of garrison was important for Ming dynasty.Benefit from huge military expense,sanyuan and jingyang rose quickly,with good location,developed water resources and agricultural economy,the two city became the economical centeal of shaanxi.With the property of commerce,businessman rose in sanyuan and jingyang,they got social frame by their economic advantage,what was more,they also played an important role in social governance.At the same time,with adventage of school inspector,the imperical examination got success in sanyuan and jingyang,so it produced large numbers of gentey.In middle of Ming dynasty,wangchengyu build up “hongdao”academy,which lead shannxi and made socoal influence.The academy made sanyuan school rose,sanyuan school pay attention to integity,which affected folkways in sanyuan,the rose of sanyuan school became important characteristics of social culture and development.In long period,research peasant's war with the view of disaster,however,disaster strike everywhere,what was more,disaster used to strike shanbei in the past,so it couldnot attribute to disaster.The true reason of war was that shanbei was militarize society,military system was important for social stability,however,military crisis corrupt military system,what was more,government face the same crisis.At the same time,civilian power was too weak to save social crisis.Army,government and cicvlian couldnot had good interaction,when they faced with social crisis.As a result,peasant's war outbreak in shanbei,then it spread over shaanxi.in 1628,sanyuan and jingyang started to be attacked badly,no matter what goverment and army did,it did not well,which make social order unrest.In february 1629,Wangzheng ?Jiaoyuanpu?Mafenggao and other social elite build up social force called “zhongtong”.The social force did not build up at random,“zhongtong” inflected the wises of resident,strong mobilization of gentry was organizational basis of “zhongtong”,destroyed eunuchs was political basis of “zhongtong”.After it's establish,it strengthed ties with society and gain support.in order to resist invasion of peasant's army,the leader of “zhongtong” raise food and money to ensure supply,rich and gentry were main financial resources of “zhongtong”,at the same time,“zhongtong” made regulation to maintained efficiency of economic activities.In military,“zhongtong” build up social forces in many villages and taught them art of war,what was more,“zhongtong” seek aid from other provinces,which expanded “zhongtong”.In urban defence,“zhongtong” build guild city equipment,at the same time,it also patroled closely day and night,which build up a tight defence system.“zhongtong” also try to contact with offical which can gain help from nation,which could got good conditions to improve.Under the lead of wangzheng,zhongtong got improve and contain peansant's army ‘s attempt.In april 1629,even though army combat passive,zhongtong still hit peasant's army in yunyang battle,which turn the side.“Zhongtong” exist only four months,however,it had great sense.At first,the apperance of zhongtong had relationship with the rising role of elite,it inflected that gentry had strengthen their right in centra shannxi.in a addition,with the background,wangzheng was the first of official christian,wangzheng made new weapons by western study,so western study played a role in zhongtong.From this view,“Zhongtong” inflected culture exchange between china and the west.In the end,although shanxi ‘s economy was low,it still had strong civil society,which called “sanyuan model”.“Sanyuan model” was great example of interactions between state and society in ancient north china.