| It has always been controversial to deter and contain juvenile delinquency by using deterrence of penalty,yet generally support far outweighs opposition.Under the circumstance that deterrence of penalty preventing juvenile delinquency to some extent has been proved,the right attitude towards deterrence of penalty is not to spurn it prematurely but to give full play to its prevention effect on juvenile delinquency in the premise of admitting its limitations. ‘Deterrence of penalty'and‘deterrence theory'are two distinct concepts:‘deterrence theory'is a subjective theory based on the formation mechanism of deterrent effect;‘Deterrence of penalty'is objective existence of deterrent force which may influence troubled teenagers.In short,‘deterrence theory'is the representation of‘Deterrence of penalty'.Thus,to fully release and display the internal and inherent function of preventing juvenile delinquency of‘deterrence of penalty',‘deterrence theory'has to correctly present‘Deterrence of penalty'through accurately depicting formation mechanism of deterrent effect.However,is the representation of‘deterrence theory'to‘deterrence of penalty'accurate?C.B.Beccaria and J.Bentham believe that troubled teenagers with reason ability and free will may weigh,compare,and calculate the pros and cons of committing crimes in their minds,and produce mental state of being scared if the cognitive process sealed in their minds get the result that cons outweigh pros,and ultimately give up the criminal mind with the dominant power of this result.The deterrent effect ensues.‘Deterrence theory'considers deterrent effect as the mental state of troubled teenagers resulting from weighing,comparing,and calculating the pros and cons of committing crimes.Prior to achieving this mental state,the input of information about penalty and crime targets is needed,and the calculated results will dictate corresponding actions.The formation process of deterrent power is combined by these three independent,sequent procedures:input of information about penalty and crime targets;weighing,comparing,and calculating the pros and cons of committing crimes;gaining the results of cognitional game about pros and cons of committing crimes and dictating corresponding actions,in the same way as the first generation of cognition regards the cognition process as three procedures:information input,information processing,information output.Despite the matter the formation time,‘Deterrence theory'can be treated as the‘accessory'of the first generation of cognition.In general,the cognitive vision or the theoretical basis of‘Deterrence theory'derives from the first generation of cognition science.Behaviorism generated by J.B.Watson pushes psychology to the status of true science,but he excludes implicit,unquantifiable,inoperable mental activity from research field of psychology,referring distinct feature of human to lab animals'‘S-R',which leads psychology to a subject without soul.The abnormality caused by this‘approach-centered'research method becomes the trigger of‘cognitive revolution'in 1950s,which produces the 1~stt generation of cognitive science.This research method resets internal mental activity as the core of research,and begins to quest for the essence of‘cognition and mind'while their theory about choosing subjects transfers from peripheralism to centralism.However,the 1~stt generation of cognitive science established on philosophy of subjective binary opposition supposes that cognition is symbolic representation and calculating based on certain logic rules,which is disembodied,isolated,and abstracted.It is unavoidable that‘Deterrence theory'will become disembodied,isolated,and abstracted passively and displays‘deterrence of penalty'incorrectly because it interprets formation mechanism of deterrent effect from the viewpoint of the 1st generation of cognitive science,resulting in the weakening of its effects on preventing juvenile delinquencys.In general terms,juvenile delinquency prevention operated under the instruction of this theory can hardly come into play fully in deterring crimes.Getting to the root of the matter,it is because of the viewpoint of the 1~stt generation of cognitive science,thus,it is indispensible to find a viewpoint which can avoid it becoming disembodied,isolated,and abstracted to overcome the difficulty and function smoothly.In 1980s,research programs,including embodied cognition,situated cognition,and enactive cognition,emerged continually,and they condemned the 1~stt generation of cognitive science jointly,being called‘the 2~ndd cognitive revolution'.The 2~ndd cognitive science produced in this revolution shakes the 1~stt cognitive science at root,and hopes to achieve the transference from the‘Cartesian theatre'which claims‘separation between subjects and objects' to the ‘Heideggerian theater'which advocates‘being in the world'.The 2~ndd generation of cognitive science reviews the formation of deterrent effect,which turns into the generating of mind and environment,rather than the calculating results enclosed in mind.Body and environment play an important and nonngegligible role in formation of deterrent effect that is dynamic and individualistic.Therefore,in reviewing formation mechanism of deterrent effect from this perspective,viewpoint of deterrence theory switches from 1~stt generation of cognitive science to the 2~ndd one through becoming embodied,and situated,and enactive(parallel,not successively forward).The results after transferring include‘ deterrence theory under the perspective of embodied cognition',‘deterrence theory under the perspective of situated cognition',and‘the deterrence theory under the perspective of enactive cognition'and they all overcome difficulties(being disembodied,isolated,and abstracted)of deterrence theory.Prevention countermeasures of juvenile delinquency based on the new theory is able to fully display the inherent function of deterrence of penalty.The basis in the thesis includes three aspects:physical prevention model proposed by‘deterrence theory under the perspective of embodied cognition'including embodied penalty knowledge learning,using small font in advertising penalty knowledge in formal website and advertising board;environmental prevention model proposed by‘deterrence theory under the perspective of situated cognition'including environment planning and landmark planning around areas that juvenile delinquency happen frequently,design of tools for criminal purpose;dynamic personalized model proposed by‘the deterrence theory under the perspective of enactive cognition'including design of victim types and planning of actions of juvenile delinquency.If the‘deterrence theory under the perspective of embodied cognition',‘deterrence theory under the perspective of situated cognition',and‘the deterrence theory under the perspective of enactive cognition'are integrated together,physical prevention model,environmental prevention model,and dynamic personalized model can be integrated into a brand new juvenile delinquency prevention model,that is,the physical-considering,dynamic,situated and personalized prevention model. |
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