Research On Neolithic Age Settlements In Western Liaoning

From the perspective of archaeological research in Northeast China and Northeast Asia,the archaeological culture of the Neolithic Age in western Liaoning is an important material for studying the origin of Chinese civilization.There are many important discoveries of the settlement sites of trench in Xinglongwa culture,Zhaobaogou culture,Hongshan culture and Xiaoheyan culture,but the study of settlements has been weak.At the same time,the Neolithic archaeological culture in western Liaoning is an important component of the Neolithic archaeology in the northeastern region,and its benchmarking effect cannot be replaced by other regions.Based on the study of the Neolithic settlement system in western Liaoning,on the basis of comprehensively collating the archaeological data of each settlement site,it integrates other related investigation,exploration and excavation data,and selects key areas and key river basins to carry out targeted investigations.It explores the social form,organizational structure and Man-land relationship of the western Liaoning region in the Neolithic Age,and promotes the development and deepening of the study of the origin of Chinese civilization and related topics.The full text is divided into seven chapters.The first chapter is the introduction.This paper briefly introduces the establishment of the Neolithic cultural pedigree,the overview of the archaeological research,the division of times,the changes of cultural chronology and settlement,the geographical environment and climate change in western Liaoning,the research summary and,moreover,the reasons for the selection,the theoretical and practical support,etc.The second chapter is the characteristics of early and middle stage settlements in the Neolithic Age.At present,it also lacks early Neolithic settlements in western Liaoning,and the settlement patterns that found in the eastern foot of Taihang,the southern foot of Yanshan and their alluvial plains have shifted from earlier cave forms to the flat near rivers.In the medium term,there are obvious expansions in the distribution and scale of settlements.The house sites,acupoints,kiln sites,tombs,and rituals are rich in relics,and the functional areas are clearly divided,such as the cemetery and the ruins of the rituals of the Chahai site and the kiln area on the edge of the river platform of the Penwayao site.There are ringed trench settlements and settlements without trench,and there are also two-body ring-shaped settlement like Baiyinchanghan.However,the depth of the trench at this stage is shallow,the width is narrow,and the function of the defense is not obvious.It may be used to define the range of the settlement.The settlement is planned to be completed in a short period of time,and the usage time is longer than that of the previous stage.The status of settlements is equal,there is a certain intimate relationship,and there is likely to be a division of labor.The size of the site is large and small,and does not represent the differentiation of the population within the settlement.The third chapter is the prosperity of the late Neolithic period(the former section).Many settlements were found during this period.By analyzing the settlements materials of Zhaobaogou culture,Fuhe culture and the early and middle stages of Hongshan culture,combined with the investigation results in the Jiaolai River Basin and the Banzhihe River Basin,the 58 settlement materials newly surveyed in the second Mangniu River basin in the middle and upper reaches of the Daling River were graded,and the foundry site materials were sorted out.The settlement composition at this stage is complex,including residential site,surrounding area,kiln site,sacrifice site,cemetery,etc.The settlement site selection is more regular,and more choices are made on the half-slope position on both sides of the river,the gentle mountain beam top,and flat hill top beside the river.The distribution law is that the north-south flow is high in the west bank of the river and the density in the east bank is small.The east-west flow to the north bank of the river is dense and the south bank has a low density.For example,the Hongshan Culture sites on the right bank of the Laoha River in the north of Jianping County is very densely distributed.By comparison,there was a big difference in the settlement area at that time.The number of large-scale settlement sites was small,the number of small-scale settlement sites was large,and the social structure showed an olive structure and circular structure.At the same time,it also discussed the settlements,social industrial system,handicrafts and trade at that age.During this period,the most important handicraft industry in western Liaoning was the ceramics industry.There was a workshop where the pottery produced was used to meet the needs of people in different sites.According to this reason,pottery should be part of trade.According to the bones unearthed in the site,the bone making industry is also an important handicraft industry.The stoneware manufacturing industry was an important and easy-to-operate handicraft industry at the time.Many semi-finished and finished stone tools,as well as a large number of stone fragments and gravel analysis,are scattered on the surface of the Dongshanwan site of Fuhe Culture.It should be a stone manufacturing site.The production process of jade has been mature and has become an independent handicraft industry.The fourth chapter is the differentiation of the late Neolithic(later)settlements.The situation of settlement and economic development at this stage has undergone tremendous changes from the previous stage.In the Xilamulun River Basin and the Daling River Basin,the number of settlements in the two areas has multiplied increase compared with the previous period,and the number of additions in individual counties has even reached four or five times.The reasons for the increase in the number of settlements are probably from many aspects.The main reason for this should be the increase in population and the beginning of differentiation of the settlements of the settlement community.In this period,the basic community units in the ordinary settlements are smaller groups.In the Xilamulun River Basin,the communities in the settlements are mostly composed of rows of houses,but the distribution of the cemeteries is still unclear.In the Daling River Basin,a large number of stone burial cemeteries appeared in this period.The small-scale area is about 1,500 square meters,and the big-scale site,such as the Niuheliang second ruins,covers an area of 10,000 square meters.In particular,the building site group that appears in the first location already has the size of the city.The handicraft industry in the late Hongshan culture also has a variety of categories,including ceramics,bones,stone tools,jade and various high-level skills,such as clay sculptures,stone sculptures,and buildings.Some of them are traditional handicrafts in the region,such as pottery and jade.The fifth chapter is the decline of the cultural settlement in the Neolithic Age.At the end of the Neolithic Age,settlements showed a tendency to decline.There is a small quantity of settlements in various river basins in western Liaoning.There are few settlement sites currently identified,most of which are survey data,and the materials in the cemetery are relatively abundant.During this period,various cultural factors converge here,reflecting the strong influence of various cultural extensions on the culture of the region.Environmental archaeological evidence shows that the strongest cooling event during the Holocene Warm Period,which occurred around 5000 years ago,lasted for about 1000 years.In this stage,the climate is dry and a new desertification came.The sandstorm activity increased and the temperature dropped,which hit the fishing and hunting economy and the agricultural economy.Especially,the economic blow in the hilly area north of Yanshan was greater,forcing the residents of the area to migrate south.This is the main cause of cultural decline.The sixth chapter discusses the complexity of the Neolithic society and the origin of civilization in western Liaoning.Judging from the elements in the Neolithic settlements in western Liaoning,collective consciousness and social cohesion have continued to increase;besides,religion and sacrifice activities have played a significant role in social cohesion,and spiritual culture has been developing ahead.In the process,social integration and social order were further formed,and the civilized road in western Liaoning showed a smooth development.The seventh chapter is the conclusion.The innovations and main gains of this paper are summarized,and the shortcomings in the research are pointed out.