| This paper studies the economic and trade development and business of Zhangjiakou in the Qing Dynasty,and specifically describes the historical evolution of Zhangjiakou,the development of Zhangjiakou commerce,Zhangjiakou handicraft industry,Zhangjiakou transportation,Zhangjiakou financial industry and the construction of the businessmen of Zhangjiakou in the Qing Dynasty.The earliest Zhangjiakou was a small town built in the northern frontier for military purposes.With the development of the trade between Mongolia and Russia,because of its special geographical position,it has gradually become the central city of "transshipment trade" in the north and the starting city of the famous "Zhang Ku Shang".The name of Zhangjiakou began in the Ming Dynasty.In the four years of Ming Xuan de(1429),he commanded Zhang Wen began to build a castle,named Zhangjiabao(lower Fort).Chenghua sixteen years(1480)built by guanxiang.Chenghua twenty-one years(1485),bingbushangshu Yu Zijun built the wall,which is outside the the Great Wall dajingmen to pass.Ming Jiaqing eight years(1529),Zhang Zhen garrison built Fort xiaobeimen,commonly known as Zhangjiakou.The goods in the mainland should be concentrated in Zhangjiakou first,and then shipped along all directions;the goods in Russia and Mongolia should also be concentrated in Zhangjiakou and then sold to the mainland.In the Qing Dynasty,Zhangjiakou merchants were numerous and flourishing.Under this background,in order to manage ethnic affairs,transportation and business,the Qing government set up many offices in Zhangjiakou and other two offices.Zhangjiakou’s trade in Mongolian and Russian has undergone a process of continuous development and change.The commodities imported from Zhangjiakou and Mongolia are mainly fur,textiles,livestock and soil alkali.Goods imported from Russia are mostly fur and various.The more expensive heavy sea otter fur,fox,wolf,bear etc..Thenumber of goods in the second place is textiles.They are classified as woolen fabric,velvet,linen and so on.Their rough products are mostly produced in Russia,and the fine ones are imported from England and Prussia.In the first 20 years of nineteenth Century,fur products accounted for the highest proportion of all kinds of trade goods.From1820,the share of fur products began to decline,and the proportion of textiles increased gradually.Livestock is a large commodity imported from Mongolia to the mainland.It is mainly transported by the merchants from Shanxi to the mainland after the acquisition of the market in the pastoral area.Millions of horses,cattle and sheep are transported from Mongolia to the mainland every year in Zhangjiakou.Soil alkali is also a bulk commodity imported from the Mongolian area.Zhangjiakou alkali merchants buy soil alkali in the pasture land of Chahar’s blue flag and white flag,reprocessed back to Zhangjiakou,remove impurities,make alkali bricks,sell Beijing and Tianjin,and then resell all the places.The products exported to Zhangjiakou are mainly Russian trade goods,mainly cotton,silk,tea and so on.Russian imports of Chinese goods have always been made of Chinese cotton and silk.At first,the output of goods was mainly cotton and silk.Since 1802,the output of cotton fabric has been decreasing,and the output of tea has been increasing.The output of tea finally surpassed the output of cotton and silk and occupied the main body of Sino Russian merchandise trade.Zhangjiakou handicraft economy mainly includes fur industry,soda industry,leather industry,footwear industry in several industries such as mongolia.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Zhangjiakou was a famous fur distributing center in the country.There are thousands of businesses that only manage fur.Xi Gou Jie Dajing door,is the bustling fur market,many shops on both sides of the street.Zhangjiakou fur processing system extends and expands mainly in two aspects.The vertical utilization is from leather tanning to leftover material,and transverse is the production of all kinds of leather products and woolproducts.Soda industry in Zhangjiakou is belongs to the nature of private government merchants,and must be authorized by the government to allow private businesses.After the Opium War,with the soap gradually flooded the domestic market,Zhangjiakou alkali industry began to decline.Tanning industry in Zhangjiakou can be divided into three main categories: white leather line,black leather line and so on.The saddle industry.The white line mainly produce and harness and all out,Zhangjiakou leather shop mainly concentrated in the side street(now Mingde street).North Yudai bridge to the deep groove mouth(now Xinhua Street East),opening outlets in the street name lucy.The car of Madian and camel stores in the west area of Shahe,three stores,Xiang Yuan Tai Zi,Chang Sheng Jie,Fu Xing li.The number of Zhangjiakou black peels is more and more,the main products are: Black maturing bottom skin,white maturing bottom skin,etc.,mainly concentrated in the yuan Tai son,sand courtyard,Tongxing lane,Fuxing,Song Jia courtyard,Longchang Lane open hand workshops.The saddle industry in Zhangjiakou is mainly made of leather saddle.The saddles produced are transported to the Mongolia pastoral areas and the cavalry and merchants from all over the mainland by the Mongolia merchants,which are used for saddle assembly.Mongolians need more boots.In the Qing Dynasty,Zhangjiakou’s boots production prospered.The boot shops are owned solely by themselves,and some are joint ventures.There are dozens of large businesses in Kulun and Mongolia business in Beijing and abroad.There are nicknames in Mongolia,and there are about about two hundred thousand pairs of Mongolian boots that are shipped annually to Mongolia.The origin of traffic and transportation in Zhangjiakou was early,and Shang Dynasty in Shang and Zhou dynasties often sent troops to exclaim ghost,which means that there was a road in Zhangbei to Shang Dynasty(now Anyang city of Henan province).The road network in the Qing Dynasty was further improved on the basis of previous generations.Emperor Kangxi had appointed the official governance post service,andfrom Zhangjiakou to Kulun between the renovation of the road,along the way to set up a station.There are basically two parts in Zhangjiakou’s post offices in Qing Dynasty: most of them belong to Zhili and warm shops,which belong to Xuanhua Prefecture,and belong to Zhili Province.Most of the other is the North Hall,in addition to Zhangjiakou and dushikou each have a Han Yi,is the gateway to the Mongolia military station.Zhang Ku business road is the trade and marketing route of Zhangjiakou to the Mongolia plateau of Kulun(the capital of Mongolia today).This trade route extends to the Russian border city of Chek chart,which is an international commodity transport line connecting Mongolia and Russia in the north of China.With the development of the international trade,this international transportation line has gradually flourished with the development of international trade.Siberia railway opened to traffic,the Sino Russian commodity marketing reexports through Vladivostok,this is a fatal blow on a road transport base.With the Outer Mongolian independence,Zhang library Avenue goods transportation tends to disappear off the road were rare.Zhangjiakou’s financial industry includes pawn,account administration,bank etc..Pawning is a kind of financial activity with commercial property for the purpose of mutual benefit.It is a kind of organization and Industry Based on financial activity based on the basic management form of quality loan.Its basic function is to adjust the emergency and shortage of funds through this temporary financing form.In the Qing Dynasty,the development trend of pawn industry was unprecedented.Pawn served for commodity circulation,the prosperity of pawnbroking,and promoted the development of industry and commerce.The account bureau is a financial institution based on the depositing business for workers and businessmen in the northern commercial cities of Beijing and Zhangjiakou.The main business object of the account bureau is private business.From the time of Qing Yong Zheng and Qianlong to Xianfeng,it was the period of the accounts Bureau and theperiod of continuous development.From the last year of Xianfeng to the early years of the Republic of China,it was the period from the prosperity to the decline.The ticket number was a kind of financial institution produced in the early 1820 s.Its production was the product of the development of commodity economy.The ticket number rose from Daoguang years.During the period of Tongzhi,the development of the ticket number entered a new period of development.In Guangxu period,the development of the ticket number reached its peak.The Bank of Zhangjiakou is the predecessor of money,money is a product of our country,and the two silver coins parallel currency system.Most of the banks began to run for businesses.In the process of development,they gradually became franchised.The bank itself deposits money by credit,and then extends loans to businesses with credit.The history of Zhangjiakou on the establishment of a national bank is the earliest in the Ministry of the bank Zhangjiakou branch.In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,there were twenty-two banks in Zhangjiakou.The main banking institutions include the Bank of China Zhangjiakou branch,the Bank of communications Zhangjiakou branch,the border bank Zhangjiakou branch and the Chahar Xingye Bank four.All these banks handle foreign exchange,deposit and loan businesses.Zhangjiakou foreign banks are Russo Chinese bank,far east bank,Japan special bank etc..The merchant groups in Zhangjiakou mainly include Shanxi merchants,Jingbang and Kou merchants.Shanxi Merchants in Zhangjiakou are the main body of merchants.The industry of Shanxi Merchants mainly consists of salt industry,grain,cotton cloth,cotton,silk and tea.The Shanxi Merchants in Zhangjiakou have made the local people with the concept of commodity economy.They have a reputation and win with good faith.The merchants of Shanxi have made the Zhangjiakou people learn the way of business.Zhangjiakou Beijing to help holding national salary is mainly composed of the Manchumerchants.Zhangjiakou Jing Gang engaged in trade mainly from Beijing,Zhangjiakou to Mongolia pastoral area,brick tea,flour,silk,cloth and other commodities,from the Mongolia pastoral area to Zhangjiakou,Beijing wool,camel hair,sheep skin,wolf skin and other commodities.Zhangjiakou’s export business refers to the local Zhangjiakou,Weixian County,Huai’an Yangyuan composed of local merchants mainly.The commercial banks or commercial banks that were built by Shanxi Merchants in Zhangjiakou became the main force of Zhangjiakou industrial and commercial bank in the late Qing Dynasty.During the period from Qing Jiaqing to the Republic of China,most of the commercial banks in Zhangjiakou were organized by commerce and handicraft industry,but also local organizations with local friendship.In short,in the Qing Dynasty,Zhangjiakou was an important trading city in the northern border area of China.Zhangjiakou was originally a small town built for military purposes.With the development of trade between Mongolia and Russia,it gradually became one of the northern trading centers.Zhangjiakou’s foreign trade is mainly about Mongolia Trade and Russia trade.The initial road in Zhangjiakou was also built by war.The Qing government built several official post roads in Zhangjiakou and Kulun in order to maintain its rule.With the development of trade,the Zhangjiakou area business develop gradually.The development of Zhangjiakou’s trade and trade and the development of transportation industry have further promoted the development of Zhangjiakou’s financial industry and commodity economy.At the same time,the development of the financial industry has further promoted the development of its commercial and foreign trade.This benign interaction effect made Zhangjiakou’s population increase continuously during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,and the function of the city was constantly enriched.The handicraft industry economy in Zhangjiakou is caused by the increase of urban population and the increase of demand for commodities.The handicraft economy in Zhangjiakou is relativelydeveloped in the northern border cities.The businessmen in Zhangjiakou are mainly merchants,merchants and merchants.Most of them are Shanxi merchants,and Shanxi merchants are mainly engaged in trade and ticket business.There are factors affecting the geographical culture,but more importantly,the Jin merchants have the courage to open up and be good at innovation,with a keen sense of business sense of business and business strategy,which makes it able to expand itself in the business competition,and then occupy the main position of the merchant group in Zhangjiakou... |
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