| From the beginning of the era of the "New Navy" to the end of World War II,the United States Navy has undergone a dramatic transformation from unknown to number one in the world.This course of development is influenced by many factors,such as superior natural endowment,economic strength,especially industrial production capacity,relatively stable domestic political system,and talent advantage,but it is also inseparable from the cooperation and promotion of naval thought,naval strategy,naval construction and naval action.The navy thought is the intelligence resource and the potential motive force of the development of American maritime power.Naval strategy is the reflection of naval thought in practice.As the master plan for the promotion of American naval power,it is the key factor for the development of American navy.The naval construction and naval action test,strengthen and even go beyond the naval thought and naval strategy to some extent,which reflects the practice path of the US Navy monopolizing the whole world.Chapter 1 Navy Thoughts: From Washington to MarhanThe navy thought is the intelligence resource and the potential motive force of the Development of American maritime power.Mahan’s naval thought,in particular,swept the world as soon as it was born and became a powerful weapon for capitalist countries to compete for world hegemony.The emergence of Mahan’s idea of maritime power was not accidental.From Washington,Adams and Jefferson to Theodore Roosevelt,naval construction was strengthened and upgraded with the transformation of national development goals,and naval thought was also constantly updated around the evolution of the military expansion and overseas commercial development strategy of the United States.By Mahan’s time,he had succeeded in integrating the unique laws of naval history and maritime war experience--although many of these laws were partial and inadequate,they were still relatively successful in establishing a positive link between maritime power and the growth of great power power.In the process of the capitalist countries competing for and carving up the world,the law of the jungle in the period of colonial expansion and industrial revolution was embodied in the international society.Mahan’s thought of sea power constructs a discourse system between space,sea power,commercial expansion and overseas base.As far as sea power thought is concerned,it is relatively complete and has room for continuous self-repair,and its influence is still effective today.Chapter 2 Naval Strategy: From Theodore Roosevelt to Franklin RooseveltNaval strategy is the reflection of naval thought in practice.As the master plan for the promotion of American naval power,it is the key factor for the development of American navy.In different historical periods,the US naval strategy has been evolving with the changing background of The Times.Throughout his presidency,Theodore Roosevelt made it an important strategic goal to build the United States navy into the second most powerful navy in the world after Britain.Woodrow Wilson’s naval strategy was less obvious and radical than Roosevelt’s,and his repeated emphasis on freedom of navigation on the high seas provided the necessary conditions for the advance of global free trade.Under the slogan of freedom of the sea,and by means of merchant ships and convoys,the United States supplied war materials to the warring parties during World War I to enhance its economic strength.At the same time,influenced by the expanding navies of both sides in the war,the Wilson administration proposed the goal of building a "most powerful navy".After joining the First World War as an ally,the United States quickly changed its naval strategy from offensive to defensive.At the beginning of The Second World War,in the face of the precarious threat of war,Franklin Roosevelt’s administration pursued a neutral strategy and preserved the United States’ naval power.Roosevelt believed that the United States would inevitably get involved in a war,and that to win,a strategy of "control of the sea" was necessary.After entering the war,in the face of military pressure in the Atlantic ocean and the Pacific Ocean,out of consideration of national interests and battlefield situation,Roosevelt adopted the "Atlantic First" strategy,focused on Europe,conducted escort of trans-Atlantic shipping routes,adopted the flexible Pacific strategy in the Pacific theater,and carried out oil embargo policy against Japan.At the same time,Roosevelt continued to adhere to the sea power strategy,rejected the idea of sending an expeditionary force to fight on the mainland.The implementation of these strategies played an important role in allocating war resources and ensuring victory in the war.Chapter 3 Naval Construction: From the New Navy to the Two-Ocean Navy ActDuring the period from 1882 to 1945,American policy makers in successive administrations almost invariably had high hopes for naval development.In the 1880 s and 1890 s,the construction of the new Navy became an important symbol of the development of the United States Navy,and the United States Navy ushered in an unprecedented peak in ship-building.Theodore Roosevelt was an ardent grand navalist.He not only proposed plans for the Navy and lobbied Congress for it,but also held naval design meetings at the Naval War College to advise on the design of new warships.On the naval construction,Wilson attention not only to the United States can get a lot of interest from the naval expansion plan,also observed powers,including Japan,the UK is quenchless naval expansion to upsurge,so quickly set up two foreign strategy,the two foreign strategy with the panama canal opened,to the United States naval strategy from strategic defense to strategic offense,further promote the construction of the United States navy.The Interwar Treaty on the Limitation of Naval Armaments did not prevent the expansion of any naval power.In the Great Depression,the United States took the expansion of the Navy as an effective means to increase employment and stimulate the economy,which was the industrial revival of the Navy proposed by Franklin Roosevelt.During The Second World War,the US Navy,in response to the changes in the form of maritime operations,vigorously promoted the construction of aircraft carriers,which became an important guarantee for the US Navy to seize maritime supremacy.Chapter 4 Naval Operations: From the Spanish-American War to World War IISince the end of the 19 th century,the US Navy developed from an isolationist navy to a global navy and established its dominant position in the global waters.This process was accompanied by the US Navy’s actions.The Spanish-American War was the beginning of the expansion of the American navy,which brought huge strategic interests and colonial rights to the United States and stimulated its expansionist ambitions.Since then,the road to expansion outside the US has opened up,even if sometimes in different forms.It was not until 1917 that the United States decided to join the Allies in the First World War.During the war,it tested the construction achievements of the United States Navy,verified its naval strategy,and promoted the military revolution of the United States Navy.In the second world war,Mahan advocated to show the advantage of us naval power,the United States completely broke through the bondage of isolationism,two fronts in the battle of the Atlantic and Pacific,the Atlantic anti-submarine warfare,in the Pacific submarine warfare,and need to comply with the navy military revolution,fast carrier battle group is established.World War II fully embodies the powerful industrial capacity of the United States to support the role of naval power.The naval operations of the United States have practiced and exceeded Mahan’s theory of naval power,and promoted the innovation of naval combat tactics.Through the participation in the war,the United States Navy deeply realized and practiced the military revolution of the Navy with aircraft carrier as the combat core instead of battleship as the combat core.These naval operations laid a solid material and ideological foundation for the US navy’s global hegemony after World War II.Chapter 5 Oceans,Navies,and Sea Power: History and ImplicationsAs an important place for human activities,the ocean is not only in the sense of geography,economy,but also in the sense of geopolitics.Especially in the development of world history and competition between great powers in modern times,the strategic significance of the ocean has become increasingly prominent.In the process of great power competition,the significance of navy is self-evident.Among the factors affecting the construction of navy,natural conditions and economic endowment,emerging technologies and military revolution,national strategy and external environment are relatively prominent.The rise of a great power navy usually cannot be achieved without the support of these factors.Since Mahan established the modern theory of sea power,sea power has become the focus of attention of all countries in the world,especially the great powers,and has become the national strategy of many countries.The theory of sea power conforms to the demand of The Times when it was put forward and plays a vital guiding role in the rise of western powers.However,the theory of sea power also has its limitations of The Times,which are mainly reflected in its own limitations and the essence of its hegemony. |
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