A Study On Campus Police Of The American Higher Education Institutions

The thesis attempts to analyze how the security of American colleges and universities is obtained by reviewing the development history of its campus police and investigating its related institutional arrangements,which is a useful reference for the construction of campus safety in Chinese universities,so-called “by other's faults,wise men correct their own.”This thesis takes the development and security of colleges and universities as the logical starting point for the research.By comprehensively drawing lessons from the research methods of law,pedagogy,policeology,economics and politics,focusing on the development of the American campus police,the establishment of institutions,personnel composition and management,the function and operation of campus police,the comparison of the security governance of universities between China and the United States,we try to answer three questions:(1)What is the internal logic of the evolution of the security governance mechanism in American colleges and universities?(2)What is the specific arrangement and operation of the campus police system in the United States?(3)What can the American college campus police system be learned from the construction of the campus security governance mechanism in China's colleges and universities?The governance of the American college campus security has evolved from college self-governance(part-time teachers),city-college cooperation governance and the campus police governance.This evolution is to meet the American colleges' security requirements,after a long game with the local government and police agencies in the public security forces allocation autonomy,law enforcement powers,the protection of freedom,professionalism and wage payment.Hence,it is the inevitable choice of history,not only in lining with the internal governance structure of university autonomy,but also the necessity of academic freedom.We believe that the pattern of campus security governance has been continuing to change with the development process of American higher education institutions from Christian colleges to modern universities.During the colonial period,while municipal police has not yet been created or in the creating period,the American colleges have a church background,small in number and scale.There is less in demand for safety,the colleges' administrators are sufficient to solve their own security problems and enjoy greater autonomy in campus security.In this case,most of them adopt the mode of self-governance;During the founding of the United States to middle of the 20 th century,the American colleges and universities have been development rapidly in the number and scale under the impetus of the Land Grant Act,resulting in the attention of crime and other poor public security conditions of colleges.Owing to the law enforcement and professionalism,the municipal police are better able to deal with college crime.Hence,the city-college cooperation model with good governance effect and saving public security costs has been favored by university administrators;Since the middle of the 20 th century,because of academic freedom and teacher-student freedom getting more emphasis in the modern universities,the limitation of the original city-college cooperation model is more and more big.In order to avoid the municipal police intervention,the colleges administrators choose a new security governance model--campus police.Not only can it fully obey the colleges and enjoy law enforcement power and professionalism,but also it can ensure the college freedom.At this point,the campus police as a new form of university security governance has been formally and extensively on the stage of history.As the best choice for the campus security governance model in the American colleges and universities,the federal and state legislations have given the campus police a clear legal status.The decentralization of the US federal and state legislations makes the campus police system well adaptable,innovative,and competitive.Federal and state legislations make it possible to implement the legislative provisions on campus police from a macro and micro perspective.The differences and innovations among states provide guarantees for the rationality of the police arrangements in the entire national campus.Meanwhile,the decentralization also makes it possible for states to compete on the campus police legislation,and it also provides the basic driving force for the gradual improvement of the law of campus police in the United States.At the time of the establishment of the American university campus police agencies,the municipal police agency is taken as a master version with bureaucratic structure.Its bureaucratic arrangements and related institutional arrangements are in line with the basic characteristics of a rational bureaucrat,which can greatly increase organizational efficiency and rationalize it.To the extreme,it also makes the value concept of the campus police better implemented.The design of the incentive-compatible management system has brought vitality to the campus police system,both in policemen selection,training,promotion and salary design.Not only can the campus police as an agent better meet the requirements of the universities,but also they can solve the contradiction between police power and university academic freedom.American college campus police agencies have the similar functions as the municipal police agencies in implementing laws,maintaining order and providing services,but also highlighting the functions of safety education.Campus police are more inclined to play the role of public servants,with the implementation of the US national counter-terrorism policy.The emphasis placed on the role of soldiers by the campus police has become increasingly prominent.This is in line with the overall policing reform trend in the United States.By the comparative study of the American campus police and campus security governance of Chinese colleges and universities,it can be seen that the security governance in our country is accompanied by the development of social law construction and has begun to and has begun to enter the track of the rule of law,but is less authoritative and less maneuverable.The reason is that the legal status of our university s security institutions is not clear,and it is reflected in the institutional arrangement,which will inevitably result in unsmooth management systems,institutional settings,personnel management,and functional operations.All of this will directly affect the security management efficiency of college campuses.Thus,in order to improve the level of campus security governance in China's universities,thesis believes that it is necessary to improve the university campus safety legislation,strive to achieve the professionalization of the security personnel and cultivate and develop the value concept of campus security governance.Only in this way can we promote the improvement of the quality of university's security governance as soon as possible and provide a strong basis for the education and scientific research work of colleges and universities in China.The innovation of this paper is as follows:(1)There is no systematic study on the American campus police at present,and this paper examines the American campus police from a comprehensive perspective;(2)At present,the studies of higher education in the United States,mostly focus on higher education legislation,university governance and other aspects of research,while not concerned about campus security.As an integral part of higher education institutions in the United States,the campus law enforcement agencies play an important role in the maintenance of the security,order and healthy development of American higher education institutions.Therefore,it is an enrichment and supplement to the study of American higher education.(3)Although the US campus police is an employee of higher education institutions,but from a professional point of view,they are mostly like a special police group.Nowadays,there are some studies about campus police among the study of US police,but often marginalized.On the one land,the reform of US police led the development of the American campus police;on the other hand,this research also enrich the study of the US police;(4)in the research method,the predecessors from the law,public management point of view of the US campus police,the paper combines the political science,law,economics and police and other multi-disciplinary research methods,trying to make a more comprehensive analysis and understanding of US campus police.