The Development Of China Middle School Geometrical Drawing Textbooks From 1902 To 1949

As Plato said,Mathematics is the bridge that links the real world to the idea world.Drawing is a tool that uses to think to grasp the relationship of spatial form and quantitative in the objective world.The design drawings in the plastic arts and the various projects,the figure or image in Mathematics,whether it is simple or complex,are all based on drawing,which determines the extreme importance of geometrical drawing.Drawing is a process of mastering skills,developing habits,exercising thinking and cultivating abilities.Since the translation of Euclid's Elements was introduced into China in 1607,Mathematics education of China has been changed gradually,and the Chinese had got a new understanding on geometrical drawing.Especially in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,geometrical drawing has become one of the core contents of Mathematics education and even the Art education in primary and secondary schools.This study takes the drawing in Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks and geometrical textbooks from1902 to 1949 as the research object,takes the history of Mathematics education as the background and perspective,takes the literature research method,historical research method,analytical method and comparative research method as main research methods,divides the development of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks in nearly half-century from 1902 to 1949 into the late Qing Dynasty(1902-1911),the early Republic of China(1912-1922),the middle period of the Republic of China(1923-1935)and the late Republic of China(1936-1949)according to the changes of national polity,the big events in the history of education and their own developmenttrends and aims to study the development of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks from 1902 to 1949 comprehensively,systematically and deeply,summarize its development characteristics,analyze the factors affecting its development,and strive to provide reference for nowadays geometrical education and the writing of geometrical textbooks.This study is discussed in the following six parts and the main contents of each part are as follows:First,Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty(1902-1911).During this period,the school institution system was newly created,and the new-style school was in need of matching and compatible textbooks.The types of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks were introduced,translated,compiled,and self-edited.The total number of publications was over 20,involved more than13 publishing organizations and 20 editors.In this paper,it can be described as ‘a hundred flowers bloom.'These textbooks show different styles of the two factions,which are the self-edited and non-self-edited versions then reveal cultural differences,even if there are significant differences between non-self-edited versions from different countries.Therefore,in this period,it takes the Latest Middle School Textbook Drawing edited by Sun Yue,the Latest Middle School Textbook Yong Qi Hua of Japan translated by Yan Yonghui,and the Applied Geometrical Drawing Textbook for Middle School from Britain translated by Zhang Tingjin and Yu Liang as example,analyzes and summarizes the characteristics from the textbook dimensions on compilation,layout,content structure and terminology.Second,Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks in the early Republic of China from 1912to1922.During this period,the political system changed,and the education system began to influence the development of geometrical drawing textbooks.After the end of the Qing Dynasty,the geometrical drawing textbooks entered a stage of steady development,the number has decreased,but the quality has been better.The geometrical drawing textbooks have undergone the test and elimination of practice after entering the classroom,and basically realized the transformation from introduction,translation,compilation in the late Qing Dynasty to self-editing.The compilation of self-edited textbooks could proceed the national conditions of the country,seek truth from facts,deepen into the hearts after entering the classroom,promote the teaching of geometrical drawing,and also realize its innovation and development.On the basis of expounding the education system and the textbook editing system,this chapter investigates these textbooks including Republic Textbook Yong Qi Hua edited by Huang Yuanji,New Making Yong Qi Hua edited by Wang Yanan and the New Composing Geometrical Drawing of Qiu Shi Society in several dimensions and summarizes the characteristics,which were published at that time,and had a great influence at the time,a large number of reprints,and a long service period.Third,Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks in the middle-period of the Republic of China(1923to1935).After the promulgation of the ‘New Academic System'in 1922,new educational rules and regulations were make.In the ‘Syllabus of Middle School Mathematics' promulgated in1923,the specific requirements for geometrical drawing teaching appeared as well as the ‘Interim Curriculum Standards for Secondary School Mathematics' promulgated in 1929.In the "Secondary Mathematics Curriculum Standards" promulgated in1932,there were more clear regulations that contacting with the drawing department or the Yong Qi Hua when teaching the relevant nature of the graphics,using the tools to draw and striving to be neat when solving the geometrical drawing problems and etc.On the basis of expounding the education system and the textbook editing system,this chapter in detail analyzing those textbooks including Yong Qi Hua Textbook edited by Feng Fei,Plane and Solid Geometrical Drawing Method edited by Wang Jiren and the Tools Drawing in Plane Geometrical and the Tools Drawing in Solid Geometrical edited by Xue Dejiong and summarizing the characteristics.These textbooks were published in this period,and had a long period of using,a large great influence at the time,and distinctive characteristics.Forth,Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks in late Republic of China(1936-1949).Three revisions of the Mathematics Curriculum Standards were carried out between 1936 and 1949,in which the requirements for geometrical drawing were more detailed and specific.The outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937 made the National Government take the opportunity to set up the "Seventh Associated Press" and later the "Eleventh Associated Press",ended the situation of free competition in the textbook market for more than 40 years since the late Qing Dynasty,realized the customization of textbooks and produced of national textbooks.This made a very large impact on geometrical drawing textbooks in this period,caused geometrical drawing textbooks only could be published by the Commercial Press and be edited for vocational schools.Therefore,based on an overview of the social background of that time and the relevant requirements of the mathematical drawing of the mathematics curriculumstandards,this part inspect and summarize the characteristics of the textbooks that used and published during this period to reflect the development of the Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbook and the education of geometrical drawing during this period indirectly.The text books include the Drawing Method of Plane Geometrical,Stereoscopic Projection Drawing and the Simple Perspective Drawing edited by Zhu Xian and Xu Gang,and the Stereoscopic Projection Drawing and the Simple Perspective Drawing edited by Wang Pinduan.Fifth,drawings in geometrical textbooks from 1902 to1949.This part inspects two aspects,the drawing in the junior middle school geometrical textbook and drawing in the high middle school geometrical textbook.Firstly,the research of geometrical drawing in periodical papers of this period is sorted out as a whole,and then,a case study of its geometrical drawing idea is carried out on the representative of Fu Zhongsun,who is a famous mathematic educator.In order to reveal the factors affecting the development of geometrical drawing textbooks from the side.Sixth,conclusion.Firstly,this part summarizes the characteristics of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks in its development process from 1902 to 1949 in the macro and micro aspects.Secondly,this part analyzes the factors that influence the construction and development of Chinese secondary school geometrical textbooks from 1902 to1949.Thirdly,this part refines the enlightenment and reference of the research on the development history of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks from 1902 to 1949.Finally,it proposes the questions that can be further studied after this study.This study mainly solves the following three problems:Firstly,it discusses the development history of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks from 1902 to1949.Secondly,according to the school institution system,the curriculum standards(or syllabus)and the publication and implementation of textbooks approval system,it inspects the background,compilation concept,writing style,layout,content structure,terminology,geometrical drawing typical examples of geometrical drawing textbooks,takes the macro and micro into account,summarizes the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks during this period.Thirdly,it inspects the contents of the Chinese middle school geometrical textbooks from 1902 to 1949,and reveals the factors affecting the development of Chinese middle school geometrical drawing textbooks from 1902 to 1949 from the side.