Solid-state actuation using graphite intercalation compounds

The volumetric expansion of electrochemically-formed intercalation compounds, a well-known phenomenon to electrochemists and electrode designers, is being considered as a high-energy, solid-state "smart material" actuator for adaptive structures and small-scale robotics. This is a novel and potentially disruptive application of this phenomenon, because some intercalation compounds are capable of operating reliably at temperatures higher than other solid-state actuating materials. The intent of this research is to initiate a well considered, ground-up process that develops this technology efficiently and makes it relevant to future systems.