Indian Insanes: Lunacy in the 'Native' Asylums of Colonial India, 1858--1912

The new Government of India did not introduce legislation for `native' lunacy in colonial India as a measure of social control after the uprisings of 1857-8; discussions about Indian insanes had already occurred in 1856, following asylum and pauper reform in Victorian England. With the 1858 Lunacy Acts, native lunatic asylums occupied an unsteady position between judicial and medical branches of this government. British officers were too constrained by their inexperience of asylums and of India to be effective superintendents and impose a coherent psychiatry within. They relied on their subordinate staff who were recruited from the communities that surrounded each asylum. Alongside staff and patients, the asylums were populated by tea sellers, local visitors, janitors, cooks and holy men, all of whom presented alternate and complementary ideas about the treatment and care of Indian insanes. By 1912, these asylums had been transformed into archetypal colonial institutions, strict with psychiatric doctrine and filled with Western-trained Indian doctors who entertained no alternate belief systems in these colonial spaces. How did these fluid and heterogeneous spaces become the archetypes of colonial power?;Rather than presume commensurability with other colonial spaces such as the native prison and native hospital, or assume that all colonial asylums began as tools of empire and of social control, this dissertation embeds the native lunatic asylum within the social and cultural milieu of mid-century colonial India to argue that the local community was integral to managing these institutions. Tracing the legal, institutional and social histories of these native asylums, from 1858 to the Lunacy Acts of 1912, this project reveals increasing interventions by the Government of India - the 1861 Indian Penal Code, an 1868 asylum survey, a variety of lunacy amendment acts - to reassert its colonial agenda and capture the transient nature of madness within its imperial gaze. With the rise of the psychiatric expert and the increasingly significant role of medical education in India, the asylum was transformed into a singularly colonial and homogeneous space.