Research On Technology Standardization Of Traditional Industry In The Qing Dynasty

The handcraft regulations in the Qing Dynasty are a series of documents that document the specifications and standards of workers,materials,silver styles and practices in various industries of the handicraft industry.This thesis takes the Qing Dynasty handcraft regulations as the basic historical data and combines relevant archival documents,and selects two typical technical categories of woodwork and tilework as the example to try to comprehensively investigate the form,degree and level,management methods,implementation of technical standards,and shortcomings of standardization of traditional craftsmanship in the Qing Dynasty.The Ming and Qing dynasties were a period of summarization of Chinese traditional industrial technology.Correspondingly,the technical standardization issues have been comprehensively summarized.The specific manifestation is the appearance and distribution of a large number of examples of texts by the craftsmen,making the industrial technology standardization appear "regularization" feature.According to the contents of various examples of craftsmanship,"regularization" was specifically manifested in three aspects in the handicraft industry of the Qing Dynasty,which were the "shape regularization" of products,"standardization regularization" of raw materials,and "Rating regularization" of workmanship and materials in construction.The Chinese technical classics basically follows the "material-work" quality standard system established in "Kao Gong Ji".Until the completion of "Craftsmanship regularization" in the Qing Dynasty about The "standardization" and "standardization" of the technical standardization of the Qing Dynasty "Rating" is still based on the technical standard system for calculating working hours and materials.Therefore,the industrial technology standardization of the Qing Dynasty was clearly divided into two parts:material management standards and construction technology standards during the implementation process.This contents reflected in the text of the "Craftsmanship regularization" are model rules and examples of construction technology,such as "Engineering Practices" and "Rules in Yuanmingyuan".Bricks and wood are the key content of the material management regulations recorded in the "Rules of the Ministry of Industry" of the Qing Dynasty.Among the bricks and tiles,Linqing bricks,royal kiln gold bricks,and glazed tiles commonly used in various national projects.Items such as firing process,size specifications,quality inspection,packaging and transportation,and storage and collection have strict management standards.For official timber,when dispatching personnel to harvest timber,pre-harvest surveys,harvested quantities,and timber processing items such as specifications,transportation methods,storage and receipt must also be implemented in accordance with management standards.As for the wood that has been routinely purchased over the years,its materials,length,and perimeter are used as standards to form different grades,such as transportation,collection,and usage also follow the chapter.The example of construction technology-type craftsmanship divides the traditional handicraft industry into a number of craftsmanship,each of which has several types of work with similar technical categories,and each type of work cooperates to complete the production task.Taking wood and tile as examples,product production is deconstructed into various components and different processes such as beams,columns,concrete,concrete,bucket arches,walls,floors,etc.,The quantity quota standards for manufacturing each component or completing a process were also detailed recorded.These standard data are used to guide the craftsman’s construction process and to have the basis of financial budget and final accounts,and ultimately control production costs and ensure product quality.Finally,through the interpretation of the texts of various examples of craftsmanship in the Qing Dynasty,it can be found that the industrialization of industrial technology in the Qing Dynasty has already possessed such standards as the formulation and implementation of standardized documents,the application of standard parts,the application of standardized production and other western modern technology standardization features,but before the introduction of machine production,the industrialization of industrial technology standardization in the Qing Dynasty did not break through the traditional Chinese quality standard system centered on labor and materials.By comparing the process of industrial technology standardization between China and the West during this period,we can find that although the industrial technology standardization of Qing Dynasty had a modern transformation trend,there was a big gap with the West in terms of management system,standard formulation and promotion.