| China and the Korean Peninsula face each other across the river and have had close ties since ancient times.As a cross-border ethnic group,the Korean people not only suffered oppression and humiliation under the rule of feudalism,imperialism and reactionary regime,but also stood with the Chinese people to defend China’s territorial integrity,and made great contributions to the politics,economy and culture of the Northeast.Liaoning is not only an important transportation hub of the three northeastern provinces,but also one of the economic and cultural exchange centers of Northeast Asia.Many Koreans settle down and live here.At the same time,Liaoning is also the political hub of the three northeastern provinces,providing space for all kinds of Korean groups.At present,the research results of domestic Koreans are still mainly in Jilin and Yanbian,while the academic achievements in Liaoning are still few.This paper makes use of Liaoning Provincial Archives,Liaoning Provincial Library,Shenyang Archives,Korean Historical data Center,Japanese National Diet Library,as well as materials such as Korean original archives,newspapers and all kinds of works stored in local libraries in Liaoning Province,such as Xinbin,Benxi,Fushun,etc.,combining ethnic history with regional history to explain the history of the formation and development of Korean in Liaoning Area.In addition,this paper takes the time range from Japan’s annexation of Korea in1910 to the liberation of Liaoning in 1948,and takes the contemporary administrative division of Liaoning Province as the geographical boundary.From a macro point of view,from 1910 to 1948,the Qing government,the Feng warlord government,Japanese imperialism and puppet Manchukuo,the Kuomintang government and the Communist Party of China’s policy towards Koreans in Liaoning.And look for the impact of the implementation of its policy on the Koreans in Liaoning,as well as the process of the final liberation of the Koreans in Liaoning under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.This paper also explores and collates the population change,regional distribution,professional income and education level of Koreans in Liaoning Area,and strives to describe the social life of Koreans in Liaoning Area from a micro point of view.To supplement the history of Koreans in Liaoning.The main content of the first chapter is before 1910,due to the feudal rule of the Korean dynasty and the oppression of Japanese colonial rule,as well as successive years of natural disasters,Koreans moved to Liaoning to carry out the process of production and life on a small scale.As a result of long-term exploitation by the Korean dynasty,the living conditions of Koreans on the Korean peninsula,especially in the northern region,are extremely poor.In order to make ends meet,Koreans began to cross the border into Liaoning to carry out agricultural activities.After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War,Japanese imperialism occupied the Korean Peninsula and plundered a large amount of land through the colonial economic system represented by the "land survey cause",resulting in more Koreans moving to Liaoning.As the Qing government was unable to stop immigrants from crossing the border,it began to implement the policy of absorbing North Koreans,issued a "Tifa Yifu" policy and strengthened the management of Koreans in Liaoning by supporting Chinese landlords.In order to realize its aggression and expansion plot,Japanese imperialism used consulate and Japanese agricultural capital to infiltrate into Liaoning,which had a great impact on the life of Koreans.The second chapter mainly examines the impact of the different policies implemented by the Qing government,the official constitution of the Republic of China and Japanese imperialism on the political and social life of Koreans after Japan annexed Korea in 1910 to before the Trinity Movement in 1919,after a large number of North Koreans moved to Liaoning due to political and economic factors.Due to the arrival of a large number of Koreans,Liaoning showed a variety of ethnic relations,but the successive Japanese intervention was also a headache for the Qing government.Therefore,the official constitution of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning formulated the principle and policy of "clearing the source and intercepting the river" to attract North Koreans to naturalize at the same time to restrict North Koreans who were about to enter the country.Its policy spirit continued until the signing of the <Treaty of South Manchuria and East Mongolia> in 1915.After the signing of the <Treaty of South Manchuria and East Mongolia>,Japan used the Korean identity of "Japanese subjects" to interfere in China’s internal affairs.Therefore,in order to reduce diplomatic negotiations,the official constitution of Liaoning in the early period of the Republic of China had to change its policy to "surveillance and control".Under the influence of the increasingly stringent policy,some North Koreans began to move to Jilin.The vast majority of North Koreans in Liaoning are poor farmers,and even if they enter the city,their income is still at the bottom of society.Therefore,the Japanese imperialists set up Korean associations in various parts of Liaoning to attract Koreans under the guise of providing economic assistance.At the same time,Korean schools were set up to convey the decadent concept of allegiance to the emperor to the Korean children on the basis of the <Korean Education order>,which had an extremely bad impact on the culture and education of North Koreans.The third chapter mainly expounds the policies implemented by the Feng warlord government and Japanese imperialism against the Koreans in Liaoning and their influence on the lives of Koreans from the March 1 Movement in 1919 to the September 18 incident in 1931.The Trinity Movement pushed the anti-Japanese movement of Koreans in Northeast China to the best part,and Koreans in Liaoning began to crack down on Japanese imperialism in the form of armed struggle.At the same time,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,the people of China and North Korea United to carry out the struggle against imperialism,feudalism and warlords.In order to prevent the influence of the anti-Japanese movement,Japanese imperialism not only continued to support the Korean association economically,but also set up pro-Japanese Korean armed groups to suppress the Korean anti-Japanese movement in order to achieve the fundamental goal of controlling the Koreans.Japanese imperialism also spread in Liaoning under the pretext of "protecting" Koreans,which led the Fengtian authorities to believe that Koreans were the main cause of domestic and foreign dilemmas.After the signing of the < Mitsuya Agreement> between China and Japan in 1925,the Fengtian authorities adopted a policy of exclusion and expulsion of Koreans,and the emergence of < Tanaka Memorial > intensified ethnic contradictions and made some local people in Liaoning join the ranks of excluding Koreans.The implementation of the policy of exclusion and expulsion not only reduces the number of North Koreans in Liaoning Area year by year,but also makes the economic living conditions of North Koreans worse.At the same time,in order to resist Japanese educational aggression,the Feng warlord government forcibly closed all Korean schools and ordered Korean children from all over Liaoning to enter Chinese schools.However,educational institutions with a Japanese background have taken the opportunity to develop and grow under the protection of Japanese forces,instilling in more Korean children the idea of "pro-Japan",which has caused great harm to Korean culture.The main content of the fourth chapter is that during the period from the September 18 incident in 1931 to the Japanese surrender in 1945,Japanese imperialism and puppet Manchukuo carried out the policy of enslavement and economic plunder on Koreans in Liaoning,which seriously affected the economic and social life of Koreans.After the September 18 th incident,the Japanese imperialist aggression triggered two waves of refuge for North Koreans in Liaoning.In order to solve the refugee problem,Japanese imperialists concentrated Koreans in "safe rural areas" and "group tribes".To monitor and control North Koreans in the name of resettlement,and use them for agricultural cultivation to facilitate economic plunder.At the same time,the Japanese puppet regime also implemented a "laissez-faire" policy on Korean immigrants,and deliberately raised the ethnic level to attract Koreans,causing serious ethnic contradictions.Since then,in order to alleviate the pressure of domestic employment in Japan,the Japanese and puppet authorities replaced the "laissez-faire policy" with the policy of "new rules and regulations",which made the Koreans in Liaoning become the "cheap labor" of the Japanese agricultural colonists.Under the encouragement of Japanese imperialism,the population of North Korea in Liaoning during the occupation of Northeast China has been on the rise,and the grain output is also increasing year by year.However,the life of Koreans is extremely difficult under the exploitation of the Japanese puppet regime.Before the demise of the Japanese puppet regime,in order to increase grain production,the Japanese puppet authorities not only unrealistically increased the number of immigrants,acreage and output,but also carried out crazy economic plunder on North Koreans,especially the policy of "grain output".Forcibly plundered the crops and food rations of North Korean farmers,causing a huge food panic in both urban and rural areas of Liaoning,causing North Koreans to live in poverty.In order to resist the Japanese imperialist aggression and economic plunder,under the influence of the Communist Party of China,the Chinese and North Korean people in Liaoning joined the struggle against Japan one after another and made great sacrifices and contributions to the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan.The fifth chapter mainly expounds the influence of the ethnic equality policy of the Communist Party of China and the plunder policy of the Kuomintang on the lives of Koreans in Liaoning after Japan’s surrender in 1945.After the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan,the Communist Party of China ordered the Korean volunteers into the Northeast,and the Korean Communists in Liaoning also moved quickly,calling on Korean youth to join the revolutionary ranks while protecting the lives and property of the local Korean people.During the period of Kuomintang occupation,Koreans in Liaoning actively engaged in guerrilla warfare to defend the fruits of the revolution.At the same time,the "land reform policy" of the Communist Party of China made the bullied Koreans in Liaoning really free and liberated,and the broad masses of Korean people also supported the front line in different ways and made indelible contributions to the liberation of Liaoning.Compared with the Chinese Communist Party’s equality policy and land policy towards the Korean,after entering Liaoning,the Kuomintang government plundered the assets of North Koreans under the pretext of liquidation,resulting in the loss of land of many North Korean farmers.North Koreans in the cities have also lost their jobs,and a large number of North Koreans have once again become refugees,some of whom have to return to the Korean Peninsula or enter the liberated areas.This has led to a sharp decline in the North Korean population in Liaoning.In order to reduce the economic pressure brought by the refugees,the Kuomintang government formulated a plan for the repatriation of North Koreans,but the repatriation operation was only carried out once and then was stranded.With the gradual defeat of the Kuomintang army,the Korean overseas Chinese Affairs Office began to urge North Koreans to carry out agricultural farming to replenish military food,but the vast majority of North Koreans were unable to engage in agricultural activities because of previous economic plundering.They were stranded in Liaoning in the cold and hunger,and did not regain hope until the liberation of Liaoning.Throughout the history of Korean migration to Liaoning from 1910 to 1948,after Japan annexed Korea,Koreans went to Liaoning with sorrow for the loss of their native land and the hope of seeking shelter,and made use of their own superb agricultural technology.In a desolation,ten thousand mu of fertile land was opened up,which led to the development of agricultural economy in Liaoning,and made a brilliant contribution in Liaoning.Driven by the ambition of expansion,Japanese imperialism not only carried out the policy of courting and exploitation of Koreans to interfere in China’s internal affairs and economic plunder,but also subjected them to the exclusion of the Fengtian authorities and the plunder of the Kuomintang government by the policy of ethnic provocation.North Koreans in Liaoning have been repeatedly persecuted by feudal landlords,warlords and imperialists,trapped in the pain of displacement,and recorded the history of being bullied with sweat and blood.But even so,the Korean people still did not give up their hope of 4-2-36 liberation.Not only did they set up nationalist anti-Japanese groups,large and small,but also,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,they joined hands with the Chinese people against feudal landlords,Feng warlords,Japanese imperialism and the reactionary Kuomintang regime,established immortal exploits for the liberation of Liaoning,and became a glorious member of the Chinese nation.The history of Koreans in Liaoning is not only a history of immigrants to open up and build new homes,but also a history of blood and tears full of hardships and sufferings under the policy of discrimination and oppression,but also through tenacious construction and tenacious struggle,and finally integrated into the glorious process of the Chinese nation. |
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