| The intangible cultural heritage carries the nature and gene of Chinese culture origin,being one of the important components of the splendid Chinese civilization.As a special form of traditional cultural inheritance,with its unique charm and excellent skills,the inheritance of traditional Chinese handicrafts manifests the "craftsmanship" and"craftsmanship spirit" inherent with the Chinese nation for five thousand years,and its non-text form of inheritance,basic characteristics of living heritage,social attributes of regional development and non-replicable morphological diversity not only show the unique personality and aesthetic habit of this nation but also provide a smart sample full of"Chinese elements" for the research into the history of science and technology.Until today,there is a history of more than 200 years of research on "intangible cultural heritage(ICH)" in the world,while the ICH research in China has only received attention and developed rapidly in the past 20 years,focusing on the ICH concept,classification and protection and other issues in the first ten years;in the recent ten years,there are many case study achievements in individual item research,regional policy research,and cultural heritage research,and on the legislative issues,At the same time,more focuses are on problems about legislation and mechanisms for inheritance and protection,etc..The development of traditional handicraft industry in China is mainly dependent on the time of peace and prosperity with political stability,developed agriculture and flourishing commerce;at their early stage,the handicrafts are closely related to agricultural production and palace workshops,i.e.,they often meet the needs of two extremes:agricultural production needs of the common people or the cultural and artistic needs of the ruling class,thus resulting in the dual attributes of traditional Chinese handicrafts that have both historical production and use value and aesthetic cultural and artistic value.Jiangsu has been a rich land since ancient times,abundant in natural resources,stable and peaceful,with prosperous commerce and flourishing arts.In such a background and environment,taking 55 inheritors of national ICH items of handicrafts in Jiangsu Province as the research object,the author strives to explore the general laws of inheritance,development,rheology,extinction,innovation,etc.of traditional Chinese handicrafts through the closed-loop and full-process research into the inheritance status,inheritance and change,inheritance laws,inheritance and development,inheritance and protection of handicrafts;and at the same time,analyzes the conditions for the inheritance of core skills of these intangible cultural heritages from the perspective of technological development and progress,change in the mode of inheritance and selection and cultivation of inheritors,and puts forward constructive suggestions for protection.Introduction to "Intangible Cultural Heritage Items and Inheritors" conducts analogy analysis of 55 inheritors in Jiangsu and their inherited items from the respect of the ICH items and their inheritors.As shown by the research,at present,the national ICH items mainly include traditional art,crafts and medicine.The inheritors are mostly 60 years old and above,indicating a serious aging in age structure;their educational levels are different,35 among the ICH inheritors have only attended junior high school and primary school,accounting for 63.64%of the total.Most handicraft inheritors have been engaged in handicraft industry since childhood,they constantly improve their skills in practice,but rarely acquire them from books.From the perspective of gender structure,among the 1-4 batches of national ICH inheritors of handicrafts in Jiangsu,44 are men,who have absolute predominance in fine arts and crafts such as embroidery and painting.The historical development of local economy,culture,arts,handicrafts,etc.has positive influence on the growth of ICH inheritors of handicrafts,demonstrating obvious regional inheritance characteristics of the inheritors of handicrafts.The interviewed national inheritors of handicrafts have witnessed the inheritance for three generations,but nowadays the strict family inheritance way and handicraft production mode of family workshop style have been broken,and it is difficult to form an authoritative skill school.The inheritor needs to have some basic qualities and traits,including the spirit of hard work,the talent of good understanding,certain professional qualities,and the quality of indifferent fame and fortune.In addition,some other qualities are also required in gender,physical strength,and learning ability,etc..Jiangsu's manual craftsmanship "ICH" projects presents typical regional characteristics that are different from other provinces,cities and regions.The research on the acquisition of the craftsmanship of the inheritors is based on the relevant theories of the inheritance of the "ICH" craftsmanship,mainly to examine the basic path and conditional guarantees of craft acquisition.Studies have shown that the acquisition of craftsmanship is mainly based on the model of "master-apprentice imjeritance" and "hands-on",which determine that most of the skills must be acquired via masters' teaching.Early inheritors mostly pass the skills on to their immediate family members,and only a few of them pass the skills on to their relatives other than immediate family members to monopolize the skills and reduce the competitive pressure.With the development of the industrial society,the large-scale agglomeration effect of the skill-based production has become more and more important,so the producers' cooperatives,factories and research institutes have gradually replaced the family skill inheritance,and therefore the sources to acquire skills have become more and more diverse.The inheritance of handicrafts has obvious social attributes,and it is influenced by the current political,social,economic,cultural and other factors.Therefore,a stable social environment,corresponding financial support,and necessary venues guarantee a rich learning atmosphere,which are also the important conditions for the inheritors to acquire the handicrafts and inherit them in order.As to the research on the inheritors' inheritance of the handicrafts,the author discusses the obj ects and their changes,the ways and cycles,the places and their changes of the crafts inheritance,through interviews with the national inheritors of the handicrafts in Jiangsu Province.The study shows that the selection of inheritors has been detached from the strict"family inheritance" and "master-apprentice inheritance",from the mode of inheritance like"from mouth to mouth" and "hands-on",and has transformed from "giving priority to inheritance of crafts and forming cultural characteristics during the process of inheritance"to "giving priority to inheriting culture and protecting the crafts during cultural promotion".There is a common feature when the inheritors learning skills,that is,the learning cycle is very long.About half of the skill learning cycle is about 3 years,and a small part is 5-8 years or even 10 years.The inherited skills rely more on productive protection,so the craftsman tends to be professional,the division of skill process gradually appears,and the combination of division and cooperation of labor becomes more and more popular.Most of the ICH projects of craftsmanship in Jiangsu Province have a special inheritance site.The inheritance sites of modern crafts not only go on simple production but also carry on the function of spread of traditional culture.Research on the changes in the inheritance of craftsmanship is also carried in this study,including the trend and change of the inheritance of the crafts,the characteristics of their development and changes and their innovation,as well as the differences and effects of the changes in the craft industry.Traditional handicrafts have emerged with new trends and features in the evolution of inheritance.The craft changes from a subsidiary business to a main business,the inside artistic value replaces the use value,the division and cooperation of the crafts becomes more and more obvious,and the inheritance of crafts becomes increasingly open.Crafts innovation,technique innovation,theme innovation,function innovation and sales innovation have achieved.In the process of the projects studied being inherited,the core crafts are basically unchanged,and a few of the lost core crafts have been restored.Some crafts have changed due to material changes,and some other core crafts have been squeezed out.The inheritance effect of the ICH inheritors of handicrafts and their items can be judged mainly from "the number and quality of successors who learn this handicraft,as well as the market demand and industrial development of handicraft-related products".The inheritance and development status of the handicrafts inherited by 55 inheritors in Jiangsu province is different.They can be roughly divided into three inheritance states:First,some handicrafts enjoy vigorous inheritance,with booming industrial development of the item.The main reasons include making artistic products with high collection value to improve the skill benefits of inheritors;making essential products with a wide range of consumers to enhance the skill brand of inheritors;making featured products having a ready market to promote the skill market of inheritors.Second,some handicrafts have difficulty in their inheritance,with urgent industrial development of the item.The main reasons include the exquisiteness of skill which limits the output of handicrafts and results in high cost;the complexity of skill which results in long learning cycle,difficulty to finish one's apprenticeship and difficulty to seek apprentices;and the teamwork of skill which limits the scale of group production and results in limited cooperation.Third,some handicrafts experience inability in their inheritance,with shrinking industrial development of the item.The main reasons include the low price of traditional handicraft products that cannot guarantee the quality of life of the inheritors;the traditional handicraft techniques are complex and difficult to learn,and cannot avoid being substituted by machine production;the traditional handicraft promotion tends to target small crowd,and the industry cannot attract the attention of mass consumption.The inheritance and development status quo of the handicrafts inherited by 55 inheritors is different.They can be roughly divided into three inheritance states:First,some handicrafts enjoy vigorous inheritance,with booming industrial development of the item.The main reasons include making artistic products with high collection value to improve the skill benefits of inheritors;making essential products with a wide range of consumers to enhance the skill brand of inheritors;making featured products having a ready market to promote the skill market of inheritors.Second,some handicrafts have difficulty in their inheritance,with urgent industrial development of the item.The main reasons include the exquisiteness of skill which limits the output of handicrafts and results in high cost;the complexity of skill which results in long learning cycle,difficulty to finish one's apprenticeship and difficulty to seek apprentices;and the teamwork of skill which limits the scale of group production and results in limited cooperation.Third,some handicrafts experience inability in their inheritance,with shrinking industrial development of the item.The main reasons include the low price of traditional handicraft products that cannot guarantee the quality of life of the inheritors;the traditional handicraft techniques are complex and difficult to learn,and cannot avoid being substituted by machine production;the traditional handicraft promotion tends to target small crowd,and the industry cannot attract the attention of mass consumption.About the study on the experiences of protection and inheritance of the Handicrafts,the author comprehensively summarizes and analyzes the current protection situations and major measures in various parts of Jiangsu,analyzes the experiences of handicraft inheritance and protection in China and the world,and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for the craft inheritance,development and innovation of inheritors.At present,11 prefecture-level cities of Jiangsu Province have achieved excellent results in the protection of "ICH" items.During the process of ICH inheritance and protection,try to strengthen the entity responsibility of government organizations,bring trade associations into full play to create a market brand of "ICH" skills,improve the ability of local universities to cultivate talents to cultivate "ICH" skilled talents,and use new techniques to transform the inheritance link of "ICH" skills.The enlightening protections abroad to our ICH protection include the traditional handicraft industry revitalization plans represented by Japan,the "National Treasure" system and the "Village-making Campaign";the perfect protection mechanisms generally stressed by the countries in Western Europe,supporting the protection,supervision and research of private capital and civil organizations;and the intellectual property protection represented by the United States,laying down strict intellectual property rights legal protection measures for handicrafts.Through interviews,it is found that in China from the 1960s to the 1980s,the research institutes of arts and crafts in various places assembled a large number of outstanding arts and crafts talents.As national institutions,the research institutes of arts and crafts recruit formal employees and organize apprentices to take part in the selective examinations,thus gathering a talent reserve force for the development of handicrafts.They also provided national guarantee for the improvement through learning and communication,the quality of life and the establishment of social status of craft inheritors,and have cultivated many national and provincial masters of arts and crafts.The research on the dilemma and countermeasures of the protection and inheritance of handicrafts is discussed from the aspects of the main crises,typical strategies and inheritance selections of crafts inheritance.Among them,the main crises of craft development includes:the inheritance crisis of "no successor",the adaptive crisis of"industrial development",and the identity crisis of "men of the same trade tending to despise one another".The survey found that the inheritors have different understandings and cognition on the inheritance of different ICH projects,and the inheritance practices of the handicraft projects in Jiangsu represent the characteristics of diversification and pluralism.In order to guarantee the quality and quantity of inheritance,in terms of craft inheritance,the inheritors of ICH of handicrafts in Jiangsu mainly adopt the inheritance strategy of "original taste and flavor"of the crafts,the inheritance strategy of "perfection and improvement" and the cultivation strategy of combining "the elite with generalized preference".In the ultimate inheritance of the craft development,the government and the market,the society and the university,the culture and the science and technology must play their own functions of the protection and inheritance of the crafts.Based on the comprehensive study of the above content,the main countermeasures proposed for the protection and inheritance of ICH can be summarized as follows:enhancing the government's leading ability in the inheritance of "ICH" skills,enhancing the market's transformational drive in the inheritance of "ICH" skills,enhancing the regenerating vitality of colleges in the inheritance of "ICH" skills,and enhancing the distinctive charm of culture in the inheritance of "ICH" skills.The Summary and Prospect proposes directions and plans for further research.The handicraft inheritors of the new era should bring their subjective initiative into full play,and reveal the inclusiveness of "tolerance and greatness" of Chinese culture,and the development and innovation of "all-inclusive" traditional handicrafts.To deeply understand the excellent traditional Chinese culture embodied in skill inheritance of inheritors.We shall,on the basis of inheriting the essence of traditional thoughts and cultural wisdom,adhere to the principle of all flowers blooming together and all schools of thoughts contending for attention,adhere to creative transformation and innovative development,and inspire the vitality of cultural innovation and creation of the whole nation,to constantly create new prosperity of Chinese culture.In the future research,the author can also delve into the following aspects:first,the inter-generational inheritance of skills;second,comparison of inheritance of skills in heterogeneous regions;and third,the institutional logic of inheritance of skills.This paper mainly aims at highlighting the authenticity and reducibility of the research and the epochal characteristics of salvage research mainly through the longitudinal inheritance changes over changing times,cross-sectional comparative study of various categories of horizontal handicrafts,and combination of general research and field investigation,with the analysis of first-hand data as the main entry point. |
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