Study On The Geography Of Divisional Stationed Zuoza And Its Jurisdiction Area In Sichuan During The Qing Dynasty And The Republic Of China

The form of divisional stationed zuoza had a long-term origin.Through the development of past dynasties,the divisional stationed zuoza system with administrative color and fixed jurisdiction area was formed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.Compared with the previous dynasties,the biggest feature of the divisional stationed zuoza in the Qing Dynasty is the large scale,long time period,complete types and deep levels,that is,all kinds of divisional stationed zuoza comprehensively sink to the grass-roots organizations.In the Qing Dynasty,assistant officials were divided into three categories: zuoer officials,zazhi officials and shouling officials.Zuoer officials mainly included tongzhi,tongpan,zhoutong,zhoupan,xiancheng and zhubu.Zazhi officials mainly included xunjian,yicheng with xunjian title.Shouling officials mainly included jingli,zhaomo,limu and dianshi.In the Qing Dynasty,Sichuan had a high degree of consistency in the evolution of administrative districts and the time process of the separation of administrative dictricts: in the period of drastic changes in the number,level and territory of administrative districts,the change of the separation of administrative districts and administrative districts was also drastic;While the former is relatively stable,the changes of the latter are correspondingly silent.In terms of the degree of change in the placement of divisional stationed zuoza,taking the second year of Qianlong as the boundary,it changed sharply before the second year of Qianlong,and then the frequency,single quantity and single districtal scope were all smaller.In terms of the trend of cutting,it is bounded by the seventh year of Yongzheng and the second year of Qianlong.Before the seventh year of Yongzheng,it was mainly cutting,and then it was added on a large scale.After the second year of Qianlong,it tends to maintain the stability of quantity.From the perspective of the relationship between the distribution of auxiliary staff and the change of administrative districts,taking the first year of Daoguang as the boundary,most of the distribution of auxiliary staff before the first year of Daoguang was related to the change of the number or level of administrative districts,and then it basically changed due to the change of the importance of their residence.In terms of the official position change system,taking the sixth year of Qianlong as the boundary,the change was relatively free before.In the sixth year of Qianlong,a new customized fixed official vacancy was introduced.Since then,almost all posts have been adjusted in the form of dismissal and reform.The above situation was broken again in the end of Qing Dynasty,and a series of new adjustments of administrative district and divisional stationed zuoza were carried out in the border areas.The xianzuo in the Republic of China was the continuation of the divisional stationed zuoza in the Qing Dynasty.From the end of the Qing Dynasty,it had experienced four stages: divisional stationed zuoza,fenzhouzhishi or fentingzhishi or fenxianzhishi,fenzhishi,xianzuo.Compared with the Qing Dynasty,the xianzuo of the Republic of China had similarities with the official seal officials in the same city,the fixed jurisdiction,and the general unauthorized acceptance of cases.However,at the same time,there were three major changes: the unification of official title,the unification of authority(including the scope of function and jurisdiction),and the avoidance system of official native place.Being regarded as the continuation of the old system,the fenzhishi and county xianzuo of Sichuan in the Republic of China had been continuously reduced on the whole.The abolition of the Beijing National Government mainly occurred in the third year of the Republic of China.Centralized rectification was carried out for the main purpose of saving redundant expenses,and about one-third of the fenzhishi were abolished.The abolition of the Nanjing National Government mainly occurred after the adoption of the resolution to abolish the xianzuo in the 18 th year of the Republic of China.It concentrated in the 19 th to 22 nd year and 23 rd to the 25 th year time periods of the Republic of China,and finally completed in the beginning of the25 th year of the Republic of China.Different from the situation in the Qing Dynasty,the establishment and abolishment of fenzhishi and xianzuo in the Republic of China is a purely institutional change,completely divorced from the evolution of administrative districts.The rectification of the number of fenzhishi in the three years of the Republic of China was based on the importance of the location and the complexity of affairs.The addition or abolition of xianzuo in the middle of the Republic of China also had nothing to do with the changes of the number and level of administrative districts.Regarding the jurisdiction area of the divisional stationed zuoza of Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,in terms of time,most of the early divisional stationed zuoza had no jurisdiction area outside the station except for a few cases.From the reign of Emperor Qianlong,it became a common phenomenon that divisional stationed zuoza had jurisdiction area outside the station.In terms of space,the names of grass-roots organizations below counties in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China were diverse,so there were various types of Jurisdiction area of zuoza.The Jurisdiction area of zuoza was not necessarily divided by a complete grass-roots organization unit,but usually divided into some grass-roots units for jurisdiction according to factors such as the distance to the zuoza station.In addition to the division of jurisdiction based on various grass-roots organizations,there were also those based on the field.Among them,sub resident tongzhi and tongpan had a special status in zuoza of the Qing Dynasty.Some of their jurisdictions area were still the nature of jurisdiction area of the divisional stationed zuoza,and some had been upgraded to the nature of administrative districts,which need to be distinguished.In addition,a major change in the Republic of China was that after abolishing the prefecture-level administrative districts and changing them into counties,the status of fenzhishi and xianzuo of all different types of zuoza became the same,that is,the jurisdiction was only within the scope of the county where they were located,and there was no longer the situation where individual prefecture zuoza had jurisdiction over multiple counties in the Qing Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,the promotion of official administrative districts in Sichuan’s divisional stationed zuoza generally appeared in the border areas,and it was mainly promoted to county-level administrative districts,which had a great relationship with the imbalance between the development period of the mainland of Sichuan and the border areas.From the perspective of proportion,among the more than ten prefecture-level administrative districts added in the Qing Dynasty,the proportion upgraded from jurisdiction area of divisional stationed zuoza is very small.Among the county-level administrative districts,apart from those reestablished in the early Qing Dynasty due to the war in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty,and a large number of shezhiweiyuan or lishiguan in the areas under the jurisdiction of the Minister of border affairs of Chuandian in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,23 states and counties were added from the Qing Dynasty to the 24 th year of the Republic of China,including 4 were directly under the jurisdiction of direct state and changed into fuguo County,and 7 were changed from Weisuo,Three were changed from Chieftain.9 were promoted from jurisdiction area of divisional stationed zuoza(including 5 originally in the form of ting),accounting for nearly half,which is basically the same as that of Weisuo and Chieftain to county.After the xianzuo system was completely abolished in the 24 th year of the Republic of China,until the end of the Republic of China,most of the newly established administrative districts still had the origin of being jurisdiction area of divisional stationed zuoza.It can be said that in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,it has become a normal transition mode for newly established administrative districts to be upgraded to county-level administrative districts.The separation of zuoza’s residence and jurisdiction is the result of multiple factors such as politics,geography,economy,ethnic group and military.In addition,geographical distance,topographic conditions,location conditions and commercial degree are common factors,while the influence range of ethnic factors and military factors is relatively limited.Among all the influencing factors,the core is the population(taking whether it is large and miscellaneous as the main measurement standard).The divisional stationed zuoza can play an auxiliary role in the governance of the official seal,but it is also easy to form an internally recognized districtal concept within the jurisdiction,which has a potential risk of separation from the administrative district,and it is easy to hinder the integration of the new and old districts after the merger of the administrative districts.Therefore,it is suitable to be an effective transition form of administrative districts,but it should not exist outside the conventional administrative district system for a long time.