Research On Cooperative Governance Mechanism Of National Parks In China From The Perspective Of Stakeholders

The contradiction between “the growth of nature reserves” and “the decline of the vitality of the earth” indicates that the governance quality and protection effect of many nature protected areas around the world are not optimistic,and the traditional government’s single-center governance model has not adapted to the increasingly complex and severe natural ecological environment.Since the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the diversification of subjects of ecological environment governance in China has become the general trend,and the cooperative governance of government,market,society,public and other subjects has provided a new direction for solving increasingly complex and thorny ecological environment problems.As an important breakthrough of ecological environment governance,the governance of national parks is related to the public welfare and national interests,which means that the governance of national parks must not be carried out by the government as a single subject,but must involve enterprises,the public and other forces as equal subjects in law.Only by establishing cooperative relations among stakeholders to slow down or even avoid conflicts of interest can the management objectives of national parks to protect nature,serve the people and make sustainable use of them be realized.Therefore,this thesis starts from the perspective of stakeholders to explore the construction of cooperative governance mechanism of national parks suitable for China’s national conditions.China’s national parks are integrated and established on the basis of various nature reserves.Therefore,the thesis first combs the evolution of China’s national park system.By analyzing the development stage of nature reserve system with “national park-like”as the main subject and the development stage of nature reserve system with national parks as the main subject,it is found that China’s national park management system is initially dominated by multiple government departments and territorial management,and now the integration of government departments,market participation and social participation are all the results of constant game between different interest groups under the original conditions.However,China is in the early stage of national park system reform,focusing on the integration of interests in national parks,but not paying enough attention to the distribution of interests.From the perspective of governance mode,the prominent problems of the government’s single-center governance model are mainly reflected in existing the risk of government failure,disrupting the market adjustment mechanism and restricting the role of social self-organization.On the whole,national park governance is a rather complicated systematic project,which not only has to face the challenges of the complicated natural ecological environment,but also overcomes the disadvantages of the original government single-center governance model.It is necessary to optimize the governance structure of national parks,mobilize stakeholders to jointly cope with the new situation of national park system reform,and form a community of interests for national park governance.To construct the organizational structure of national park cooperative governance,firstly clarifying the main subject of national park cooperative governance.The thesis uses literature research and expert investigation to identify nine major stakeholders of cooperative governance in national parks.Then,it uses social network analysis method to make a quantitative study on the relationship network of stakeholders in national parks,and divides these stakeholders into core stakeholders,dormant stakeholders and marginal stakeholders according to their influence in the relationship network,and determines that the government,tourism enterprises and community residents are the main bodies of cooperative governance in national parks.Secondly,from the perspectives of “economic man” and “social man”,the thesis analyzes the interest demands of governance subjects in environmental interests,economic interests and social interests.The commonness and difference of their interest appeals coexist.The commonness of appeals determines the important basis and feasibility of their cooperative governance,and the difference of appeals will lead to the emergence of conflicts of interest.Thirdly,clarifying the relationship between governance subjects in cooperative governance.clarify the relationship between governance subjects in cooperative governance.Under the conditions of a market economy,only the investment-distribution relationship formed around capital is the best form of the relationship between the subjects of cooperative governance of national parks.In essence,national park cooperative governance is a kind of social activity to protect and develop productive forces through the cooperative game of governance subject,which takes natural capital,human capital and social capital as the carrier.Finally,redefining their roles according to the resources,powers,etc.possessed by the governance subjects.Among which,the role of government needs to change from authoritative control to leading coordination,and become a policy provider and a fund provider for the cooperative governance of national parks;Tourism enterprises take the initiative to assume social responsibility while reasonably pursuing value-added benefits;Community residents return to the role of core stakeholders from the marginalized,change their production and lifestyle,cultivate their sense of ownership and actively participate in the decision-making and supervision of national parks.The foundation of national park cooperative governance lies in the formation of a mechanism to participate in the distribution of natural capital appreciation benefits of national parks,which originates from cooperation and becomes the distribution of benefits.By using analysis framework of cooperative game,a cooperative game model of government,tourism enterprises and community residents is constructed.In the distribution of cooperative benefits,the benefits are inclined from the joint group of government and tourism enterprises to the community residents,so as to promote the comprehensive realization of economic benefits,social benefits and environmental benefits.Through the Shapley value solution of the cooperative game model,it is found that(1/2,1/2,0)of the basic distribution results of the tripartite game is the optimal state when the community residents’ property rights awareness is not clear;When the community residents have a clear awareness of property rights,the basic distribution results of(1/3,1/3,1/3)are the best.In order to realize the stable operation of the cooperative governance model of national parks,after analyzing the core elements of the governance structure and cooperation mechanism(benefit distribution)of the cooperative governance model of national parks,it is also necessary to build a governance mechanism combining internal and external cooperation as the support and guarantee of the cooperative relationship among stakeholders.In the internal incentive and restraint mechanism,appeal expression is the starting point of cooperation among the core stakeholders of national parks,interest coordination is the essential process of cooperative game,and power and behavior constraints are the guarantee of cooperative relationship.The cooperative governance of national parks is characterized by complexity and extensiveness.In order to improve the cooperative governance mechanism,the external environment and other stakeholders should be considered.Therefore,in the external guarantee mechanism,first of all,we need to improve the institutional guarantee mechanism.Besides changing the legislative model and improving the formal system of legislative content,we also need to consider the role of informal system.Secondly,the organization guarantee mechanism should be established,and the National Park Cooperative Governance Committee with multi-stakeholder participation should be set up to play the role of coordination and supervision,so as to ensure that all stakeholders take cooperative actions according to the requirements of the cooperative alliance;Finally,we should pay attention to the social security mechanism,strengthen citizens’ quality,cultivate environmental protection NGOs and give full play to the role of social forces.At the last,the thesis selects Shennongjia National Park for empirical research.Out of concern for community residents who are in a weak position in national park cooperation game,the thesis makes a quantitative analysis of their willingness and behavior of ecological protection,and finds that psychological factors(attitude towards behavior,subjective norm,and perceived behavioral control),ecological compensation and eco-tourism have positive effects on their willingness and behavior of ecological protection,which indicates that community residents have the willingness to participate in the cooperative management of national parks,and ecological compensation and eco-tourism have positive effects on the willingness of cooperation.As a result,the formation of “government--tourism enterprise--community residents”partnership has become an inevitable choice for national park governance.In order to construct the cooperative governance mechanism of Shennongjia National Park,aiming at the outstanding benefit distribution problems in national park governance,this thesis puts forward a benefit distribution scheme based on Shapely value method.Aiming at the problem of incomprehension,distrust and even non-cooperation among stakeholders caused by information asymmetry,the thesis proposes to build a timely and efficient communication mechanism.Eco-tourism is an important alternative livelihood for community residents.In order to enlarge and strengthen the “cake” of eco-tourism,it is proposed to build a participation mechanism with complementary advantages.The stable operation of the cooperative governance mechanism of national parks can not be separated from the good external environment.Therefore,the safeguard mechanism should be constructed from three aspects: perfecting the national park management system,perfecting the public participation mechanism and perfecting the national park publicity and education mechanism.