Research On The Historical Inheritance And Development Of Ecological Agriculture In South Jiangsu Province(16th-20th Century)

Ecological agriculture is a new agricultural operation mode proposed in response to the disadvantages of modern agriculture.It emerged in western developed countries in the middle and late 20 th century.The core elements of ecological agriculture include ecological mechanism,ecological agricultural technology and ecological agricultural model.Although it is a new product of the development of modern agricultural science and technology,its core ecological concept and technological model appeared in Chinese traditional agriculture very early,and continues to develop.Since the mid-16 th century,with the development of commodity economy,the embryonic form of ecological agriculture--dike-pond system has appeared simultaneously in Taihu Lake basin and Pearl River Delta region,which has been continued and developed due to its reasonable structure and high comprehensive benefits.Many scholars believe that the practice and mode of Ming and Qing Dynasties is the forerunner of today’s ecological agriculture.This paper selects the southern Jiangsu region as the research area and takes the 16 th to the end of the 20 th century as the research period,which can be specifically divided into four periods: historical inheritance period(late Ming Dynasty--1912),continuation and improvement period(1912--1949),reconstruction and adjustment period(1949--1979),restoration and integration period(1979--2000).By means of historical literature analysis,empirical study and comparative study,the development course of ecological agriculture in southern Jiangsu was sorted out and analyzed,and the change process of ecological agriculture technology and mode in different periods was studied emphatically.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the records of ecological agriculture in Southern Jiangsu were mainly published in ancient books such as Tales of Jie ’an Old Man,Manuscript of Yanzhou Shanren,Book of Shen Shi’s Agriculture,Book of Bu Nong and Manuscript of Chang Zhao Hezhi.The achievements of ecological agriculture in this period are reflected in three aspects: first,resource transformation,through labor input and artificial transformation,to create a suitable environment for the development of ecological agriculture,choose appropriate agricultural production activities;Second,diversified management,rational allocation of existing agricultural ecological resources by ecological mechanism,organic combination of different biological populations,forming a variety of three-dimensional agricultural management mode;Third,use the land to cultivate the land,use the nutrient cycle method to recycle the agricultural waste,open up the ecological fertilizer source.The reasons can be interpreted from four aspects: first,the positive exploration under the pressure of population is the direct cause of the emergence of ecological agriculture.Secondly,policy guidance provides an opportunity for ecological agriculture.The policy of "tree-planting" and the tax reform policy of "one stroke" promoted the change of business philosophy from single to diversified.The introduction and promotion of Crops in America and the labor force liberated by tax reform promoted the integration of agricultural resources and the restructuring of industrial structure.Thirdly,the commercialization of agriculture has improved the degree of intensive utilization of resources,and specialized sericulture areas,cotton farming areas,aquaculture areas and aquatic vegetable planting areas have emerged.The multi-cropping system of crop rotation and multiple cropping and intercropping reflects the diversification of ecological agriculture in time and space.Finally,the improvement of lake mulberry,lake sheep and soil management technology system laid the foundation for the development of ecological agriculture in southern Jiangsu.During the Period of the Republic of China,western experimental agriculture began to rise and agricultural science and technology developed rapidly.At the same time,the dominant position of Chinese traditional agriculture was gradually declining,and people of insight began to advocate agricultural improvement.The original idea of agricultural management has changed from relying on experience to scientific management.In the aspect of ecological technology,the variety improvement and the promotion of good varieties further optimized the multi-cropping tillage system and improved the agricultural production efficiency.The composition and efficacy of organic manure were analyzed by experimental scientific method,which changed from relying on experience to scientific fertilization.The effect of combining cultivation and sustainable fertility was achieved by rotation of green manure crop and grain crop.The technology of retting grass pond mud also began to appear.In the aspect of ecological agriculture mode,the improvement of mulberry leaf varieties and silkworm seed and the introduction of water peanut also make the ecological agriculture mode with lake sheep and lake mulberry as the center can be continued and renewed.After the founding of New China,the state thoroughly transformed traditional family agriculture into collective agriculture through the movement of agricultural cooperation and people’s communes.At the same time,it emphasized the principle of "grain as the core" and implemented the policy of banning rural handicraft industry and restricting family sideline industry,so as to realize the specialization and scale of agricultural production.The simplification of agricultural operation mode and unreasonable agricultural policy made the ecological agriculture pattern that lasted from Ming and Qing dynasties almost disappear.However,under the influence of "fertilizer accumulation and fertilizer production" and the movement of increasing agricultural production,the ecological agricultural technology developed unprecedented in this period,mainly reflected in the improvement of multi-cropping tillage system and the progress of land cultivation technology,the promotion of rice and wheat double-cropping and triple-cropping tillage system,the emphasis on the accumulation of organic fertilizer,and the expansion of the planting area of green fertilizer.Grass pond mud technology and "three water and one duckweed" stocking technology has also been widely promoted.Since the reform and opening up,the rural areas in southern Jiangsu have gradually carried out the household contract responsibility system,and at the same time restored the rural industry and commerce and sideline,and the agricultural management system has returned from collective agriculture to family agriculture.The reflection on the "food-oriented" policy and the ecological crisis in southern Jiangsu provided a historical opportunity for the restoration of ecological agriculture mode in southern Jiangsu,and the integration development of western ecological agriculture theory and modern agricultural science and technology has formed a unique Chinese Ecological Agriculture Theory(CEA).In the aspect of ecological agriculture mode,the original mulligan fish pond introduced biogas and other new factors to form the ecological agriculture mode with biogas as the link,the rural courtyard ecological agriculture also combined with different regional characteristics of rapid development and evolution of a variety of modes;The construction of ecological agriculture has also been promoted from the previous voluntary practice of farmers to the guidance and promotion of the government,from small-scale ecological households and villages to large-scale ecological counties and cities.In terms of ecological agricultural technology,due to the development of township industry and the large amount of input of external resources such as pesticides and fertilizers,the technology of land use cultivation in the period of collectivized agriculture declined gradually,such as grass pond mud retting and green manure planting,and was replaced by straw returning to the field and the application of biological fertilizers.Since the 21 st century,with the development of social economy and the change of residents’ consumption demand,the functional attribute of ecological agriculture began to expand,from the original productive agriculture to multi-functional agriculture,and the emergence of new development fields such as leisure agriculture and ecological restoration.In the new era,the country has put forward the strategy of rural revitalization and the conception of realizing China’s agricultural modernization.By sorting out the historical process of China’s agricultural modernization,comparing the practical results of the path of international agricultural modernization,and combining the international experience and China’s reality,this paper discusses the reference and inspiration of domestic and foreign experience for China’s agricultural modernization.At present,the development of China’s agricultural modernization should choose the middle way of ecological and industrialization,and industrialization should be the main and auxiliary in the short term.In the long run,with the breakthrough of agricultural technology,it is necessary to gradually increase the proportion of ecological agriculture in the whole modern agricultural industry system,and promote the development mode of ecological industrialization as the mainstay.Of course,in the process of choosing the development path of agricultural modernization,we should pay special attention to the choice of farmers,and learn from the essence of Traditional Chinese farming culture as much as possible,inherit and utilize the ecological wisdom,and walk out of a new road more suitable for the development of Agricultural modernization in China.