| Epidemic disease refers to a kind of disease with strong infectivity and epidemic.Since ancient times,the epidemic has been accompanied by the development of human history.As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period,the outbreak of epidemic has been documented.Until the formation of the school of epidemic diseases in the Ming and Qing dynasties,the theory of epidemic diseases had been broken through and gradually improved.Especially in the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty,due to the frequent occurrence of wars and other social and natural factors,epidemics were also frequent,and the theory of epidemiology also flourished,and a large number of epidemiologists and monographs emerged,such as Yang Lishan’s "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Plague",Dai Tianzhang’s "Theory on the Epidemic",Liu Kui’s "Songfeng Says the Epidemic",Yu Lin’s "Epidemic Rash",and so on.These theories and treatment experience are also applicable to current common infectious diseases.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to sort out the epidemic monographs in the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty,summarize and summarize the academic thoughts of various epidemic doctors,draw the innovation and development of epidemic theory in this period,and conduct in-depth excavation and sorting of epidemic theory,so as to improve the theoretical basis and clinical reference value for the prevention and treatment of modern infectious diseases.Regarding the determination of the time frame of the first and middle Qing dynasties,referring to the views of many scholars,the entry of the Qing army into customs in 1644 represented the beginning of the rule of the Qing Dynasty,that is,the beginning of the early Qing period;The year 1840 was the beginning of the Opium War,when Chinese society began to gradually degenerate into a semi-feudal,semi-colonial society,and it was also a sign of the beginning of the decline of the Qing Dynasty.This paper takes literature research as the main method,and organizes the relevant theories of epidemic diseases based on eight works: "Theory of Widespread Plague","Typhoid Plague Article","Songfeng Says Epidemic","Epidemic Rash One Gain","Rash One Gain","Trivia on Epidemic Discrimination","Complete Book of Epidemic Treatment" and "Epidemic Grass".The full text is divided into five parts:The first part is the background of the development of epidemiology in the pre-Qing and mid-Qing Dynasty,including the statistical table of the time and frequency of epidemic occurrence in this period.The second part is the academic thought of each epidemic doctor,represented by the above eight works,and collates the relevant theories and treatment views of each medical practitioner on the epidemic.Dai Tianzhang’s "On the Broad Plague" distinguishes typhoid fever from the symptoms of qi,color,veins,tongue,and god at the beginning,and points out that the wind and cold should be dispersed at the beginning,the plague should be cooled and solved at the beginning,and the epidemic and evil invaded by the mouth and nose,first in the middle of the focus,and then in the ninth transmission.Dai Tianzhang summarized the five and ten plague symptoms based on clinical experience,which has guiding significance for the clinical treatment of infectious diseases.In terms of treatment,Wu Youke developed the law,put forward the views of "not tired of the epidemic under the epidemic","the epidemic is under the heat of the epidemic","the epidemic does not show evil or not,but the evidence is down",and established a variety of treatment methods to provide new ideas for the treatment of epidemics.Yang Lishan’s "Typhoid Plague Article Identification" distinguishes typhoid fever and temperature diseases one by one from pulse diagnosis,root causes,symptoms and other aspects,and develops Wu Youke miscellaneous qi theory in etiology,dividing miscellaneous qi into two categories,clear and turbid,Qing people from the nose into the upper Jiao to cause Yang to suffer from the disease,turbid people from the mouth into the lower Jiao and Yin to receive evil,but in the process of epidemic transmission,the two evils of Qing and turbidity are often mixed with Qi stagnant blood coagulation.He established the fifteen ways of epidemic control with lifting and dispersing as the main side and clearing heat as the main treatment,and attached importance to the lifting and lowering of the gas engine in the heat clearing.The "Complete Book of Epidemic Control" clearly puts forward that epidemic evil can be combined with cold evil,and there are also unique views on the difference between "warm" and "plague",Zhuwen is the feeling of the four times of unhealthy qi and the disease,the plague is caused by the violation of furuncle,which is violent and fierce qi,causing serious disease,and temperature disease is obviously different.Xiong’s breakthrough in most epidemiologists’ understanding of mixing warm disease with plague and stripping the two is a major advance in epidemiology."Rash One Gain" has a detailed discussion on the cause and mechanism of epidemic disease,epidemic poison and evil have a fiery nature,the disease is rapid and powerful,and the treatment must be rapid and timely.Based on the characteristics of the disease in the stomach and muscle surface,the divergent ephedra is shared with rhubarb gypsum,and the role of betel nut Xuanli qi machine is emphasized."Songfeng Says Epidemic" divided the types of epidemic diseases into three types: warm epidemic,cold epidemic,and miscellaneous epidemic,pointing out the erroneous view of doctors at that time that confused epidemic disease with warm epidemic.For the transmission law of the warm epidemic,this book combines Wu Youke’s manifestation with the six meridians,pointing out that the three yang meridians in the table and the three yin meridians in the table are manifested,and the Zhongjing six meridians are developed."Trivia for Discerning the Epidemic" innovatively proposes that the cause of the epidemic is "earth qi",its sex is turbid,from the mouth and nose to the lungs and stomach,and the disease is located in the upper middle two jiao.The heavy turbid ground gas is easy to inhibit the gas machine,so that the upper and middle two coke gas machine is not smooth,the camp guard is disordered,the treatment should be mainly aromatized wet and turbid drugs,self-created clear gas drink to treat epidemic diseases."Epidemic Grass" systematically discusses the etiology,pathogenesis,treatment and prescription medicine of rotten throat sha,especially from the four aspects of larynx,god,pulse and sha,which is of pioneering significance."Epidemic Rash One Gain" clearly separates exanthema from typhoid fever,and proposes that typhoid fever has no spotted rash,and the epidemic rash cannot be published to cure it.Yu’s identification and treatment of epidemic rash does not follow the six meridians,Weiqi Ying blood,and proposed that the rash originates from the stomach,the stomach is the sea of the twelve meridians,and the poisonous fire can spread throughout the twelve meridians,so the treatment of the epidemic rash directly pounds the disease position,mainly to clear the stomach heat,and the septic drink breaks through the conventional dosage of gypsum,which improves new ideas for the treatment of epidemic diseases.The third part is the new development of epidemic theory in the pre-Qing and mid-Qing dynasties.Based on the academic ideas and works of the above-mentioned medical experts,this paper summarizes the new theoretical progress of epidemic scientists in this period.Including the new interpretation of the name of the disease,that is,the proposal that warm disease is different from the plague,and expanding the scope of epidemic diseases,in addition to warm diseases,there are also cold diseases and miscellaneous diseases;The pathogenesis theory of epidemic disease includes four aspects: etiology,pathogenesis conditions,evil sensing pathways,and transmission forms,and further elaborates on the etiology,believing that miscellaneous gas can be combined with other evil to cause disease,and puts forward the etiology of epidemic poison and poisonous fire.The onset of epidemic diseases is related to luck,natural environment,social environment and one’s own righteousness;Miscellaneous gas enters from the mouth and nose,has a specific lesion site,and takes this as the center for transmission,and its transmission forms include surface transmission,twelve meridian transmission,three-focal transmission,six meridian transmission and other forms.The new breakthroughs in the diagnosis of epidemic diseases include four aspects: identifying epidemic rash,distinguishing laryngeal scabs,distinguishing tongues,and distinguishing pulses.Judging the prognosis from the shape and color of the epidemic rash and combined with the pulse disease,the darker the color,the heavier the evil heat,the macular pine is active as the appearance of the hot poisonous pine,and the tight bundle with roots is the meaning that the heat poison knot is difficult to come out;If the epidemic rash is issued with a small number of six veins,blue complexion,fainting,cold limbs,etc.,it is an incurable disease.To distinguish laryngeal rot,the morphology and color of the rash and the pulse symptoms when the rash subsides,and the degree of laryngeal rot are observed.The shape of the shallow point should be sharp,the color of the scab should be rosy,the lighter the color of the scab,the lighter the disease,the shallow laryngeal rot is light,and the throat rotten is heavy.The common tongue images of epidemic diseases are summarized,and the importance of tongue diagnosis of epidemic diseases is clarified,and the nature and confluence of diseases can be reflected by observing tongue images,and treatment and medication can be guided.The pulse diagnosis part summarizes the common pulse of epidemic diseases,and the diagnosis of epidemic disease should refer to each other’s pulse evidence,and the emergency should be reviewed when the pulse evidence does not match.Five basic treatment principles have been established,namely,the method of seeking sweat,the method of attacking,the method of clearing heat and detoxification,the method of peace,and the method of supplementation.The method of seeking sweat is also a generalized sweat method,which is not limited to the method of solving the table,but the purpose is to achieve natural sweating by harmonizing the camp guards and dredging the ventilation machine,not to force its sweat.Shi Epidemic Khan Solution is based on sweating as a means to ward off evil,that is,by harmonizing yin and yang,unclogging the three coke gas machine,so that the camp guards are reconciled,the function of opening and closing sweat holes returns to normal,and evil is solved with sweat.The purpose of the attack is to get rid of its depression,so the doctor put forward the saying that "it is not too early under the epidemic",and went out by attacking the evil spirit.Qingfa is the most important treatment for the disease fever and depression,often choose bitter cold,bitter cold medicine,the bitter cold clear qi,bitter cold straight folding,fire depression and other treatment methods are included in it,to achieve the purpose of clearing heat and detoxification,light through the heat and subduing the fire.Harmony law is a broad sense of harmony,with the meaning of "neutralization" and "reconciliation",including such as the combination of cold and heat,the combination of tonic and laxative,the combination of attacking and clearing,the double solution of the surface,and the smoothing of the excess,its essence is to examine and examine the machine,and appropriately select the combination of sweat,lower,clean,and tonic methods to achieve the purpose of driving out evil and yin and yang.The tonic method includes four methods of tonifying yin,tonifying yang,invigorating qi and nourishing blood,of which tonifying yin is one of the indispensable methods for the treatment of epidemic diseases.The fourth part is the theory and contribution of the academic school of epidemic disease.The academic school of epidemic diseases formed in the early and middle Qing Dynasties included many doctors such as Dai Tianzhang,Yang Lishan,Yu Lin,Xiong Lipin,Li Bing,Liu Kui,Chen Gengdao,etc.,who clearly distinguished the boundary between epidemic diseases and typhoid and temperature diseases,so that the epidemic diseases were out of their scope,and the method of epidemic treatment was determined to clear the heat in the surface with cold and cold medicine,and develop the two methods of sweat and lower.The fifth part is the TCM tree tertiary prevention system of modern epidemics.Specifically,it is divided into three levels of prevention,the first level is etiological prevention,that is,the prevention of pre-existing diseases in traditional Chinese medicine,the second level is clinical prevention,that is,the prevention of existing diseases in traditional Chinese medicine,and the third level is convalescent prevention,that is,the prevention of malaria in traditional Chinese medicine.The discussion part mainly discusses the new breakthrough made by doctors in the etiology of epidemic diseases in this period,that is,the development of the theory of miscellaneous gas,which can be combined with external sensations and six obscenities to cause disease;distinguish typhoid fever from epidemic diseases from all aspects of prescription medicine;In terms of treatment,the development of Liu Wansu’s interpretation of Liu Wansu’s Qingli method was discussed,that is,it was proposed to clear the heat of the12 meridians with cold and cold medicine,and to create a fifteen ways to cure the epidemic with the basic method of regulating the lifting and lowering of the gas machine;Discuss the innovation of Khan and Xia Erfa in this period,that is,define Khan Law as a generalized method of seeking Khan,and at the same time develop the Xia Fa;Discuss the difference between epidemic disease and temperature disease,distinguish between epidemic disease and temperature disease,and epidemic disease should be independent of the category of warm disease.Conclusion:1.The epidemic scientists in the early and middle Qing Dynasty completed the innovation and improvement of the epidemic theory,broke through the etiological understanding of the etiology of typhoid fever,and developed Wu Youke’s miscellaneous qi theory,which often feels wind,cold,heat,humidity,dryness,and fire six evil qi to cause disease,and its onset is hot and hot,which provides reference value for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases from the etiology and pathogenesis.2.During this period,the epidemic school was formed,and the epidemic school has its own unique prescription for the treatment of external epidemic diseases,so the epidemic disease is different from typhoid fever,and the two are different from each other in terms of etiology,transmission and treatment;Blight disease is also different from warm disease,that is,blight disease is strongly contagious,at the beginning of the fever outward,warm disease is not contagious or less contagious,because of the feeling of the four times of qi onset,the initial manifestation of the manifestation,the epidemic should be independent of the scope of temperature disease.3.The epidemic school emphasizes the infectivity,the violent nature of the disease,the rapidity of transmission and the timeliness of treatment,which is different from typhoid fever and temperature disease that simply feel the qi of the four times.4.In the treatment of epidemic diseases,epidemiologists developed Liu Wansu’s method of solving the expression and clearing the li,proposing that the internal knot of depression is the basic pathological change of the epidemic,and the treatment of gypsum that can be cold is the main medicine to clear the heat in the twelve meridians,and from the elevator,they created the fifteen parties of epidemic treatment with lifting and scattering as the base.developed the two methods of sweating,and the sweat method is not Xinwen sweating,but the sweating method to achieve sweating evil solutions through various treatments;The next method is under its fever,and it can be used as soon as possible and used multiple times according to the condition.These have provided new ideas for the treatment of infectious diseases.Innovations in this paper:The works and academic ideas of epidemic scientists in the early and middle Qing Dynasty were systematically sorted out and expounded,and the new development of the theory of epidemic disease identification and treatment among doctors in this period was sorted out on this basis.1.Put forward a new view on the cause of the epidemic,miscellaneous qi can feel six sexual immorality.2.Distinguish from typhoid fever from all aspects of prescription medicine,and propose that epidemic diseases are different from typhoid fever.3.Epidemic diseases should not be included in the scope of warm diseases and should exist independently.On the basis of the epidemic prevention theory of the epidemic school,a modern TCM tree three-level prevention system of epidemic disease was established. |
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