A Research On The Local Public Schools And The Local Society In Song Dynasty

Local public schools were an important part of the official education system in the Song Dynasty.This article is based on the perspective of social history,from the form of existence of the local public schools,the local public schools in the structure of national social power,the relevant system and operation of the local public schools,aspects of students and the school etiquetten,discuss the form of local public schools in the Song Dynasty and their interaction with local society to present its many faces.So as to deepen the understanding of the chemistry circle on the state and county studies in the Song Dynasty.In the Song Dynasty,the site selection of the local public schools was deeply influenced by the Feng Shui culture.A place with both "Southeast Civilization" and"Mountains and Rivers" is the ideal address of local public schools for the Song people.Southeast where government agencies are located and arranged in a leisurely place are the unwritten rules of school building formed by the Song people imitating the school system of the three generations.In the urban structure of prefectures and counties,the connection between local public schools and official districts is a common phenomenon.It embodies the concept of the integration of politics and education,and the integration of education and government in the Song Dynasty.Local public schools and folk ancestral temples together form a cultural landscape for scholars and people to visit.Since the decline of the Northern Qi Dynasty,the "temple school system"consisting of the Confucian temple sacrificial space and the school teaching space has become a universal school system in ancient China.The relationship between temple studies in the Song Dynasty experienced a abandoned school,Confucian temple survives,building schools in the Confucian Temple and returning to the ancient system of building Confucian temples in schools.Therefore,a pattern of paying equal attention to temple studies was formed.Either because of ancient rituals,or because of the old system and the system of government officials in capital school,the layout of local public schools presents three types:front temple and rear school,left temple and right school,and right temple and left school.Scholar-bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty constructed the representative space of local public schools through visual elements such as the naming of classroom,the collection of books in the classics and history pavilions,engraved steles,and portraits of sages.These elements are not only physical objects,but also a landscape metaphor and materialized representation that contains and permeates the knowledge,ideas and disciplinary discourse of the literati.As a result,the local public school space is not only a material space composed of a number of functional buildings and physical landscapes,but also a representation space that is saturated with the disciplinary discourse and power of the Song Dynasty.At the same time,different social power groups are committed to shaping the local government-academic space and asserting their own authority.Specifically,the emperor,based on the governance concepts of "the teaching of the Son of Heaven,and then the promotion of learning" and "one morality,the same customs",issued an imperial edict to encourage learning,conferred imperial books,built royal book pavilion where the emperor’s articles are stored,using a flexible method to declare the authority of the emperor to the world’s subjects,showing the intention of respecting Confucianism and Taoism,educating and educating talents in schools,and building the image of a wise and benevolent sage king and master.The scholar-bureaucrat aided the local public school by Dong Zhong Shu’s saying that "the county magistrate is not only the leader of the people,but also the teacher of the people" and the concept of "government and education first".The scholar-bureaucrat declare and promote national ideology,and consolidate the order of local social governance through visiting the confucian temple,building schools,and building shrines.Local scholars uphold the concept of "governance not based on position",and offer advice and suggestions to actively contribute to the construction of local public schools.On the one hand,the public contributes money,donates materials and participates in specific construction to promote the development of local public schools.On the other hand,by coveting and encroaching on the local public school fields and the funds by means of the state power,it interferes and endangers the normal operation of the local public school.As far as the local public school is concerned,the local society in the Song Dynasty formed a diverse power structure with the local government and the leaders as the core,with the participation of many groups such as scholars and the public,and through official and academic affairs interact with the school ceremony.In order to promote the development of education and official education,Song dynasty established the department of Academic Affairs,and formulated two methods for the selection and appointment of instructors by examination and recommendation.Students in the Song Dynasty generally entered school at the age of 10 to 20 years old,and they had to pass the relevant examinations before they could obtain the admission qualification and the meal allowance provided by the school.The family backgrounds of the students are relatively diverse,and their main learning contents are classics,poetry,and policy theory,and what they learn is closely related to the content of the imperial examinations,and changes with it.During the Chong Xuan period,the imperial court exempted all the students from the obligation and poll tax.In the Southern Song Dynasty,this policy was no longer implemented,and it is likely that the school director asked the local guards to exempt some of the dungeons from the dungeons and granted certain privileges.Due to the separation of official education and imperial examinations and in order to solve the drawbacks arising from the imperial examinations,scholar-bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty tried to combine school education with the imperial examinations,namely fostering and recruiting scholars,under the banner of reviving the three-generation "township elections".Unsuccessful,Song people,especially the Neo-Confucianists,longed for the election of three generations of township elections,which became an illusion.During the Song Dynasties,school education and imperial examinations were separated,but school education was deeply influenced by imperial examinations.In order to rebuild the local social order,the emperors and scholars of the Song Dynasty followed the path of three generations to achieve "one morality,same customs" through school education.An important force in changing customs.Under the joint promotion of the state and scholar-officials,the ethics of Confucian rulers and ministers,fathers and sons,husbands and wives,brothers,and friends were determined,and were publicized and disseminated through school spaces to guide the daily life of the people.At the same time,the school has also become a channel for people at the bottom to reflect their opinions and opinions.By establishing a top-down and bottom-up dual-track system,the Song state was able to realize and strengthen its control over local society.