| Confucian music education,namely "music as the teaching".It takes music and dance as a concrete way to hide the morals,emotions,thoughts and concepts that the instructor wants to convey in music.By virtue of a group of elegant music with beautiful forms and noble connotations,it can make people happy and enjoy themselves,so as to imperceptibly influence the inner enlightenment of the students.It is the basic idea of Confucianism and even ancient Chinese political philosophy that music and ethics should be integrated,and that both music and etiquette should be better than criminal law.It can be seen that,different from the current concept,Confucianism tries its best to attach moral value to music and dance,and even elevates it to the height of "being a state".Why does music and dance have moral properties?Why does music become a tool for civilizing the people and even governing the country?What is the development course of Confucian music education?What is the meaning of Confucian music education in modern times?All of these have become the problems that modern people must face and answer to carry forward the excellent traditional culture and provide ideological power for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Confucian music education began with Confucius,but gradually disappeared after the Eastern Han Dynasty,and was almost invisible in the Tang and Song dynasties.Therefore,from a historical perspective,the development history of Confucian music and education in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties,based on relevant practices,can provide the core reference significance for today’s people to answer the above important questions.Although Confucianism was founded by Confucius,some of its ideas originated from Confucius.As far as music teaching is concerned,in fact,there existed related activities of "taking music as teaching" in ancient times.However,in ancient times,there was a long process of transformation in people’s understanding of music education,which was the source of Confucian music education thought.At the very beginning,music and dance were highly unified with tribal activities such as sacrifice,divination and celebration,and were used by the tribe to offer sacrifices and entertain gods.But after the "jedi day pass",people gradually realize that provide independent of witchcraft religious entertainment properties,and begin to consciously used to sing it tribal leaders,and even entertainment,religious gradually retreat from ubiquitous status as a relatively independent areas,eliminate religious dance also,accompanied on teaching the secularization of steering is realized.Shang,which followed xia,had the opposite spirit.The music education of merchants was mainly a kind of vocational education that trained wizards to communicate with the gods through music and dance in order to pray for blessings.The merchants would hold the jiaping ceremony after the autumn harvest,when they would gather the harvest to offer to the gods and pray that the gods would also bless the merchants in the following year after receiving the sacrifices.The word le in the oracle bone script represents the part of the sacrificial ceremony in which the silk is donated.In this activity,merchants will play a special drum instrument--Xi,so music is naturally associated with drum instrument and music.As time passed,music gradually changed from representing the sacrificial link or referring to the whole activity and the place where the activity was held to music and the natural emotion that the subject got after hearing the music--happiness,which led to the close meaning of joy in the later Jin text.However,because this activity is related to sacrifice and blessing and harvest celebration,it also means that the tribe is prosperous and has a promising future.Therefore,apart from the simple natural emotion--joy,music also derives more advanced moral and religious emotions,with meanings of gratitude and happiness.So,there are still differences between the two meanings,which are occasionally discussed separately.On this basis,the merchants’ main understanding of music is to regard it as a religious tool for offering and entertaining gods for blessing,or a form of witchcraft directly used for praying for rain and divination.At this time,music education is not closely related to moral shaping and emotional cultivation.In essence,the zhou dynasty’s "making rites and music" was the correction of the Shang Dynasty’s music education which paid too much attention to the other side of communication.The spirit of zhou people was more similar to that of Xia people.They woke up from the deep worship of merchants to the supreme god and realized that relying on gods could not guarantee the prosperity of the country forever.Therefore,they took morality rather than god as the core of the national ideology and then paid attention to the people themselves.Zhou people tried to regard the moral cultivation and behavior standard as the ultimate goal of music and dance education through specific measures such as enfeigning and establishing state,establishing official posts and promoting rites and music.This makes music really become a kind of education different from witchcraft and religion.Since then,music education has not only served the vocational education of religious sacrifice,but also integrated into the cultivation of blood kinship consciousness,personal behavior norms and political and diplomatic rhetoric and other practical factors.Zhou people clearly realized the moral education and aesthetic education value contained in elegant music,and consciously took it as the way to cultivate the mainstream ideology of the country,which realized the cultural transition of music and dance,and established the Chinese civilization of rites and music.They highlighted the moral and emotional connotation of musical characters and music,so that Chinese people gradually had moral factors in their musical ideas.This is the starting point of Confucianism’s music teaching thought,and also the ideological source of its efforts to give moral value to music and advocate judging art works from a moral perspective.In other words,in the merchant’s concept of music,there are three elements of amusement,self-amusement and morality at the same time,but the amusement is the main factor,and the morality is the last.However,zhou people regard morality as the foundation and entertain god at the end.This attitude was inherited by Confucius,who then developed to regard morality as the most important criterion for judging the artistic level of music.Confucianism clearly established music,a unique and complex moral emotion,as the emotional foundation of music and the emotional results brought by music teaching,and finally formed the educational philosophy concept of "teaching through music" in later generations.However,in the chaos at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty,the social reality became "rites and music collapsed",the system summary of the ancient civilization of rites and music faced collapse,and the stable and harmonious social life also came to nothing.Therefore,in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty,there appeared a group of scholars who took solving the chaotic society as their mission,later known as the Hundred Schools of Thought.Among them,Confucianism undoubtedly has the greatest influence.According to Confucius,the traditional education of rites and music was still worth following,even though it had lost the support of official political authority.The reason lies in that the fundamental of the system of rites and music lies in man’s heart,and the prescriptiveness of inner benevolence is the essential foundation of external rites and music.Music education was not only a form of school education in the political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty,but also a social education that could be widely carried out in the society,and even an individual’s choice of self-cultivation and expression.By "interpreting music with benevolence",Confucius actually started the internalization and self-consciousness of music education,thus establishing a Kind of Confucian music education model which is different from the western Zhou dynasty’s "learning of royal officials" and accessible to all.Confucius inherited this concept and tried to prove that people’s emotion is the origin of music,and gradually moved it towards the interior,and finally mencius realized this internalization.By proving that human nature is intrinsically good,he points out that the essence of music is a complex emotional experience after the subject realizes innate goodness,and elegant music is the result of artistic transformation of this emotion.All human beings have benevolence,righteousness,propriety and wisdom in their nature,as well as the possibility and necessity to realize them.After achieving its goal,the moral emotion of music can be acquired naturally and expressed in the form of music.Furthermore,he combined this universal need of people with music education,and believed that the monarch should "share the joy of the people" and carry out benevolent governance.However,there is a big defect in Mencius’ thought of music education,that is,rites and music are not the only means to achieve moral cultivation,and efforts such as "cultivating noble spirit" can also achieve the goal.Therefore,many Confucian scholars in later generations,although there is no music education available,but it does not hinder their ability to pursue moral education,so as to bury hidden trouble for music education in Confucianism.Xunzi had an insight into this loophole,so he developed the external compulsion of music education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty,and opened the Confucian music education to the change of rites and laws.In Xunzi’s view,there is no good nature in human beings,but they are born simple.Therefore,it is necessary to accept enlightenment in order to realize "beauty of nature".Only in this way can we avoid going into mutual aggression.Music education has a "decorative" effect on the inner emotions,and its influence mechanism is to infect the heart,so that the heart can be good,and gradually have the ability of the emotion can be moderate,the desire can be good,and finally realize the enlightenment of people.As far as the original intention of creation is concerned,"Ya" and "Ode" have fully possessed the true feelings of the first saints,and the universal emotional law contained in them is a higher level,more universal,and more in line with human nature.Therefore,music education naturally has the inevitable value that cannot be doubted or ignored.But at that time,Taoism,Dharma and Mohism all put forward different propositions.Lao Zi holds that Tao creates heaven and earth,and reveals its characteristics through its connotation in all things.All things are originally infinite possible way of a limited things have been completed,can only reflect from a certain aspect of the tao but not the whole picture,elegant music is the same.Therefore,the "big sound" is proposed,which requires people to pull out from the specific form of the scale,and directly explore this fundamental trait.Zhuang Zi further points out that to explore the noumenon of Tao,it is impossible to achieve through the education of rites and music,but must use the kung fu such as "meditation,sitting and forgetting".Taoism does not deny all music,but requires that music should be able to express the "pure reality" of human beings,so that the individual’s natural nature will not be covered up and lost.The root of this "pure reality" is Tao,so it naturally has the characteristics of Tao,can naturally meet the requirements of Tao,also can ensure that people who follow this will not go to the Confucian criticism of indulging in pleasure,moral loss,wanton behavior.In fact,What Taoism advocates is a kind of "harmony" in accordance with the Tao and their own feelings.It comes from the nature of the Tao,without doing anything and without decoration.It is different from Mencius,who emphasizes the social,political and moral nature of music from the physiological,psychological and conditions shared by everyone.Zhuangzi pays more attention to the slightly different personalities among people,which are determined by the essence of Tao.The difference between Confucianism and Taoism in music philosophy stems from their different philosophical backgrounds.Mozi’s opposition to Confucian music education is rooted in his utilitarian thought,which holds that the country’s musical activities can not make it get any material return,but only waste people and money.Mozi does not define the essence of music and its relationship with emotion from beginning to end.Mohism’s criticism of music activities only measured the value of music based on the actual utility.Mohism acknowledged but did not attach importance to the "benefit" that music could give people spiritual pleasure,and laid more emphasis on meeting the material needs of people’s survival and development.Therefore,the moists’ understanding of music art and their criticism of Confucian music education did not go deep into the philosophical foundation behind the theory.Compared with the Taoist school of old Zhuang,mohism’s criticism is elementary and even simple,which cannot shake the foundation of Confucian music education.Legalism also held similar to "mozi" concept of utilitarianism,they deny music can give people aesthetic pleasure and enlightenment effect,request music praises,only serve monarch,discouraged many music activities,including Confucian musical education,trying to deprive the people’s spiritual needs,wants to people as "machine",responsible for GengZhan reflects distinctive "brainwashing" color.The ideological aspects of the Confucian school inspired the renewal of the theory,so that it is constantly perfect.The Book of Rites and Records of Music is the concentrated and mature expression of Confucian music teaching thought.First of all,Yue Ji explains music from the perspective of hypogenesis,and holds that music is generated from the influence of external things on the inner world of people.Music is formed when people express their inner emotional changes by singing and playing Musical Instruments.Therefore,emotion is the starting point and destination of music;Secondly,because the emotions of music players can be divided into good and evil,excessive and inferior,different music,in addition to the differences in artistic style,also exists the level of moral emotion.Therefore,it strictly defines sound,sound and music:sound is a low-level sound that even animals can emit and accept,sound is the result of people’s art on the basis of sound,only talented people can play and appreciate,music is the sage on the basis of sound,into the noble moral connotation formed,so only a gentleman can understand;Then,because of the mutual influence between emotion and music,on the one hand,only music has the value of moral education,which plays an irreplaceable role in shaping people’s emotions.On the other hand,the music of a place is a true portrayal of the local political conditions,social customs and the spirit of the people,and music has been expanded to a broader field beyond art.Finally,the book recognizes rites and music from its essence and origin,and holds that the metaphysical nature of rites and music is the law of heaven and earth operation--"Heavenly principle",while the metaphysical nature is the design of sages.Rites and music are the saints’ imitation of natural laws rather than their private desires.This opens up the boundary between metaphysical and metaphysical,and serves as the basis of enlightenment from both subjective emotion and objective law."Yue Ji" also compares the five tones with the five zheng and the five elements,and finds the objective value support for the composition form of music--the musical scale,so that music turns into a specific medium of communication between nature and the human world.Similar to people in the Spring and Autumn Period,Yue Ji still highlights the role of qi,believing that all things in the universe can be unified in qi.Music not only comes from emotion,but also reflects the harmony between the two qi and the universe.Although music comes from the human heart,it is rooted in "nature" and its essence is qi,which is the philosophical basis for music to communicate with nature and realize "unity of nature and man".In the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius on music education,there is little discussion about the relationship between music and heaven and earth,but mainly discusses the value and necessity of the education of rites and music from the aspect of the subject’s inner nature.Mencius’ concept of "noble spirit" only emphasizes the moral attribute of qi rather than its metaphysical status.Xunzi and the Book of Music comprehensively expounded the moralization of rites and music,and systematically explained its attribute,source,basis and value.The latter even tried to define the generation of music and its relationship with the subject from the perspective of philosophical ontology and genesis,which actually perfected the thought of rites and music moralization of Confucianism.The argument of the late Zhou dynasty ended with the unification of the qin dynasty and the cultural despotism policy of "law as teaching and official as teacher".In the Qin Dynasty,Confucian music education went through many hardships and almost died out.The Han dynasty was founded by liu Bang,a lower-born man who knew nothing about the traditional rites and music system and even showed contempt for the Confucists on many occasions.However,when he changed from seizing the world by force to governing the world by measures,the lessons of the death of Qin and the traditional system of rites and music became scarce resources for reference.Shu Sun Tong and other Confucian scholars in the early Han dynasty were keenly aware of liu Bang’s need,and timely suggested gaozu to restore the former dynasty’s ritual and music system,and with the support of the imperial power,partially restored the old system of the Western Zhou.Therefore,music education gradually recovered its vitality in the Han Dynasty,and Han Scholars also incubated their music education thoughts.Dong Zhongshu was the most important Confucian scholar in the Han Dynasty.He solved the important problem of whether it was necessary to reconstruct the culture of rites and music and how to reconstruct it.He discussed in detail the connotation,value and significance of the education of rites and music from the three aspects of heaven,king and people and their relations,the internal emotional needs of the subject and the external norms of behavior.In his music teaching thought,the monarch is the core position,the maker of education,the eulogizer of elegant music,the participants of the operation of heaven.The authority of the monarch comes from heaven and earth,and it can achieve prosperity because the monarch acts according to heaven and fully meets the internal needs of the people.The reason why people need to accept the governance and enlightenment of the monarch is on the one hand because of the ultimate metaphysical basis of heaven,on the other hand,life is a mixture of good and evil,and we must use enlightenment to eliminate evil feelings.However,yak is not entirely a "eulogy" to the authorities under the leadership of the government,but also a self-conscious expression of the people’s praise for the current good life after the monarch has the noble virtue and makes the country run orderly.The production and influence of music are both sides.The emotion of music in people’s heart is the psychological basis of making music and accepting music education.In the process of reconstructing music education,The Confucianism of Han dynasty was greatly attached to the imperial power,so that the ritual and music system of han dynasty and Han Dynasty finally obtained a compulsory status of"disrespectful to punishment",and realized the Confucian music education’s turning to the ritual and law since Xunzi.The White Tiger Tong of the Eastern Han Dynasty(206 bD-206 BC)corresponds one by one with the innate "five senses and six emotions" and the acquired physiological organs,thinking that the former is the"origin and exit" of the latter.It also compares the five elements on the form with the five directions and five zang organs below the form,and the six emotions of the subject and the five sounds of the object.It is intended to "weave" a "big net"covering metaphysical and metaphysical,nature and nurture,subjective and objective.In this system,all natural phenomena are re-interpreted in accordance with some moral and ethical purposes,and the result is to break through the boundary between heaven and man and make objective demonstration for the "Three cardinal guides and six Periods".Because human beings have the "five constants" in their nature,that is,the innate conditions and needs that can and must become good,so the king must"take the discipline as the basis" and establish a national education system to help people overcome the bad desires in their emotions.The enlightenment of rites and music carried out by sages is not based on one’s personal intention,but on the basis of objective "the five constant ways" and human’s "five constant nature",which is the premise of human’s "becoming virtuous".His discussion on the legitimacy of the enlightenment of rites and music has gone beyond the body and individual,and then tries to push rites and music to the other side again in the mysterious way of"comparison",and emphasizes its value from the objective metaphysical elements such as heaven and earth,Yin and Yang,and the five elements.In a sense,this is a return to the meaning of the communication between the ancient music education and the other side,showing the closed maturity of the Confucian music education.From witchcraft tools,religious sacrificial rites,to moral and emotional education,the way of governing the country,music education has experienced a long process of development and transformation.It can be divided into secularization of xia Dynasty,human culture of Western Zhou Dynasty,internalization and self-consciousness of Confucius and Mencius,proprieties of Xunzi,Shu Sun Tong and Dong Zhongshu,and mystification of Le Wei and Bai Hu Tong.In the Wei and Jin dynasties,music began to change from a civilized way to an independent art category.People at that time began to look for its artistic characteristics and aesthetic attributes in addition to the old values such as morality and politics,and took them as the main criteria for judging the value of music and dance.Finally,it promoted the artistic transformation of music and dance.This greatly disintegrated the Confucian music education from the aspect of theoretical basis,and the continuous war and other factors,the Confucian music education eventually declined.Although The Confucian music education has long since died out,it is not difficult to find that music art as a way of education has undeniable advantages:first,elegant music can form a moral inspiration to listeners from the level of ideological content,so that people can contact the great personality in history through songs and be influenced by them imperceptible;2.The melody,scale and rhythm of Yak itself can relate to people’s emotions,and its "zhongzhenghe" melody plays a positive role in restoring people’s nature of peace and improving aesthetic quality.Third,music education can also convey the mainstream ideology of the country,which is conducive to the public’s understanding of ancient culture and the deeds of saints,and develop recognition and maintenance of the country.It can become an effective form of moral education in the country.Therefore,our country should restore the traditional etiquette and music education as soon as possible,in order to shape the national moral emotion level and transmit the national mainstream values.In order to maintain our cultural independence,we should establish a discipline paradigm of music theory with Chinese characteristics as soon as possible. |
PDF Full Text Request