A Study Of The Evolution Of Indonesian Maritime Policy

Indonesia,with the biggest area of waters in the Southeast Asia,has its unique maritime policy which evolves on its “archipelagic state” identity.During the process of the evolution,Indonesian maritime policy has complicated interaction with “Wawasan Nusantara”.Djuanda Declaration in 1957 not only established the maritime demarcation way based on archipelagic principle,but also began the process of Indonesian struggling for its own maritime interests and rights and safeguarding its sovereignty of territorial sea.“Wawasan Nusatara” of the defense version was produced by Suharto for integrating fragments of the military.“Wawasan Nusantara” of the development version,which evolved from the aforesaid version,was devoted to construct the identification of Indonesian people with “archipelagic state”,fostering the national consciousness of them.During the process of this construction,“Wawasan Nusantara” directly influenced the trend of Indonesian maritime policy.This paper argues that Indonesian maritime policy in the incipient time of New Order mainly reflected the connotation of political unity of“Wawasan Nusantara”;since the 1980 s,Indonesian maritime policy mainly reflected the connotation of economic unity of “Wawasan Nusantara”;during the democratic reform era,Indonesian maritime policy reflected the connotation of economic unity and national defense unity of “Wawasan Nusantara”.The first chapter examines the origin and background of Indonesian “Wawasan Nusantara” and the discourse construction of it.In the spectrum of thoughts and culture,“Wawasan Nusantara” originated from the “Pancasila” and archipelagic principle in Djuanda Declaration.Under the rule of Suharto,“Wawasan Nusantara” evolved from the initial defense version to development version,and propelled Indonesia to strive for interests and rights of “archipelagic state” during the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea.When investigating the discourse construction of “Wawasan Nusantara”,this chapter takes the analysis in the aspect of word,sentence and context and summarizes the impact of “Wawasan Nusantara” on the evolution of Indonesian maritime policy.The second chapter investigates the interaction between the connotation of political unity of the “Wawasan Nusantara” and Indonesian maritime boundary policy.In the era of 1960 s,the rule of Dutch on Irian Barat provoked the awakening of Indonesian maritime boundary consciousness,but the agenda of internal politics made Sukarno unavailable to make maritime policy.When Suharto came to reign,Indonesia began to negotiate with surrounding countries for maritime demarcation again and again so that“archipelagic state” status can be obtained.The UNCLOS in 1982 established Exclusive Economic Zone,which added to the new agenda of maritime demarcation.The establishment of maritime boundary is not only helpful to the achievement of connotation of political unity of the “Wawasan Nusantara”,but also beneficial to the construction of geographical boundary of “Wawasan Nusantara”.The third chapter analyzes the interaction between the connotation of economic unity of the “Wawasan Nusantara” and Indonesian maritime economy policy.In the era of New Order,trawl fishing and seine fishing were the main activities,and the exploration of oil and natural gas in the sea was accelerated after Exclusive Economic Zone was established.President Megawati initiated the “Gerbang Mina Bahari”,which made maritime economy policy a new stage.In the era of Susilo,the political institution reform of decentralization not only struck the national monopoly on “legality”,but also influenced the idea of economic unity of the “Wawasan Nusantara”.The fourth chapter elaborates the interaction between the connotation of defense unity of the “Wawasan Nusantara” and Indonesian maritime defense policy.In New Order era,Indonesian maritime defense policy just came into being,and the navy focused on assisting in internal economic development.Since the 1990 s,continuous maritime untraditional security issues have threatened Indonesian archipelagic waters and Exclusive Economic Zone.In the democratic reform era,President Megawati and Susilo made the naval strategy,marking the final version of Indonesian maritime defense policy.But limited by shortcoming of funds,weapons,personnel and corruption,connotation of national defense unity is far away from being actually achieved.The fifth chapter probes into the relationship between Indonesian “archipelagic state” identity and “Wawasan Nusantara”,and the role of such identity in the construction of international rules of the sea.“Wawasan Nusantara” and “archipelagic state” identity,both constructed by the discourse of maritime policy,are the two sides of archipelagic principle.Indonesian “Archipelagic state” identity mainly influenced the exploration of maritime resources of surrounding countries,but as for great powers outside Southeast Asia,such identity relates with their military interests and security of their oil transport line.When the discourse of Indonesian maritime policy constructs such identity,assertive,instructive and commitment speech acts of the discourse contributes to the construction of new international rules of the sea.The conclusion summarizes the interaction between Indonesian maritime policy and“Wawasan Nusantara”,and the meaning of “Wawasan Nusantara” for constructing the identification with “archipelagic state” identity.Archipelagic principle was produced out of the reason of confident national image of newly-independent Indonesia.“Wawasan Nusantara”,originated from this principle,can be seen as part of the process of constructing identification with Indonesian nation.“Wawasan Nusantara”,territorialization of the sea,made the Indonesian maritime policy during 1966 and 2014 an introversive type.