A Study On The Operational Logic Of Government Governance Transformation In The New Deal At The End Of Qing Dynasty

Government governance is a matter of public well-being and civilization progress,and its fundamental task is to provide public services,improve public welfare,handle public affairs and solve public problems.During the New Deal at the end of Qing Dynasty more than 100 years ago,China was at an important historical point of great change and transformation in modern times.The Qing government led and implemented the new policy reform for ten years,which had a profound impact on the development process of modern Chinese history.Standing in the broad vision of the evolution of modernization,reviewing and examining the historical process of social transformation and institutional change since modern China,the New Deal period in the late Qing Dynasty should be the key node for the political field to formally embark on the modernization process.As a political reform,the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty focused on the reform of official system,trying to build a modern administrative system.China’s social history has entered a new space-time situation.The traditional imperial closed ruling system and bureaucratic system have been unable to adapt to the new social needs.Starting institutional transformation and institutional change and constantly constructing modern administrative system,and then completing the stage goal of establishing modern government governance,is the important task entrusted to the action subject by the times.However,the final outcome of the New Deal reform shows that the Qing government failed to undertake the historical mission of modern government governance transformation.Here,it is thought-provoking why a self-renovating political transition ended with unexpected consequences? What are the dynamic mechanism and constraints of modern government governance in the late Qing Dynasty? How do these factors affect and shape the historical process of China’s modern administrative system construction? Further reflection,the basic measures and action process of the reform of the traditional bureaucratic system in the late Qing Dynasty,why deviated from the trend of the times and the normative approach to the construction of modern administrative system? What kind of contrast exists between actual action and ought-to-be goal,and why does this deviation occur?Around this series of academic questions,this study adopts a total-division-total structure.In the first two chapters,the basic problems and analytical framework are generally explained.Through the third,fourth and fifth chapters,this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the influencing factors of the transformation of government governance in the late Qing Dynasty.In Chapter 6,the ’ management’’ paradox is generally proposed to explain the fundamental reason for the deviation between the actual action of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty and the normative approach of the construction of modern administrative system.In Chapter 7,the whole paper is summarized.This study first from the perspective of politics and public administration theory,combing and refining the modern administrative system ’’trinity’’normative structure,and as a thread of thinking throughout the full text.Then,with the help of social construction theory of public administration and social transformation theory of administrative mode.Starting from the ideological paradigm of ’ action—structure’’,building the basic structure of’’Stakeholder—Social Relationship—Formal System’’,and according to specific research needs,it is specified as the analysis framework of ’’the change of actors demands—the reorganization of social relations—the hedging system of the system’’,then analyzed the logical starting point,structural elements and fundamental constraints of government governance transformation in the Late Qing Dynasty.Finally,based on the existing analysis,the concept construction and academic creation are carried out to reveal the theoretical implications.According to the above logic,the main contents of this study are Chapters2,3,4,5 and 6.The second chapter is mainly used for theoretical preparation and framework construction.Firstly,the key concepts involved in this paper are defined and explained,especially the normative structure of modern administrative system and the goal of government governance transformation.Then,it reviews and summarizes the ideological resources and theoretical basis closely related to this study.Based on this,the analytical framework of’’Stakeholder—Social Relationship—Formal System’’ is summarized and refined.On the basis of the specific needs of this study,the above analysis framework is developed into ’’the change of actors demands—the reorganization of social relations—the hedging system of the system’’,and the discourse transformation of the analysis framework is completed.Finally,the research route is determined.The third chapter analyzes the logical starting point of the transformation of government governance during the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty and explores its dynamic factors.From a micro point of view,during the New deal period in the late Qing Dynasty,the actors with different thinking ideas produced different interest demands,which converged into different groups.Three different expectations were formed for the transformation of government governance that include ’’the top monarchical power’’,’’constitutional monarchy’’ and ’’constitutional republic’’.Therefore,this study holds that the change of actors’ demands caused by concept competition constitutes the logical starting point and primary motive force of government governance transformation.The fourth chapter analyzes the structural elements of the transformation of government governance in the late Qing Dynasty,and clarifies its supporting factors.From the perspective of middle structure,the basic social relations,such as urban-rural relations,government-people relations and power relations,are undergoing unprecedented changes in the New deal period.This study holds that with the deepening of power game and power transfer,the social relations and power structure necessary for the transformation of government governance in the New deal period have taken shape.The fifth chapter analyzes the fundamental constraints of the transformation of government governance in the late Qing Dynasty.From the macro level,the dynastic regime in the late Qing Dynasty was rooted in the imperial bureaucratic organization system established by the Qin Dynasty when Dynasty Changing in the Turning of Zhou and Qin,which was only the result of Qin’s promotion of the ruling methods that won the military war.Therefore,it is still a wartime system in essence.Its pursuits a kind of’’monism’’ in political power,economic benefit and ideology advocated,created a unique traditional bureaucratic organization system,traditional bureaucratic behavior system and traditional bureaucratic responsibility system,restrained and diluted the momentum of government governance transformation development in this period.The sixth chapter discusses the theoretical enlightenment of the transformation of government governance in the late Qing Dynasty,and creates the theory.Based on all the results of the analysis,this study constructs the academic concept of ’’management paradox’’,which includes ’’one configuration’’ and ’’three consequences’ ’,to analyze and respond to the proposed academic problems.And the Qing government officially launched the preparatory constitutional reform after the implementation of the official system appeared in the process of ’’the dispute between the Fa bu and Da li yuan’’ and ’’the controversy over rites and law’’ as an example,further to the construction of modern administrative system of the key problems,basic objectives,power source,strategy choice and thinking trap and other issues are analyzed.From the analysis and comprehensive results,this study basically answers the reserved academic questions.In general,after the opening of the national gate in the late Qing Dynasty,various modern political thoughts originated in the west was introduced into China,it greatly stimulated the imagination of new political life and public action.The subjects who hold different ideas and plans aggregate into different groups.It profoundly changes the traditional social relations and power structure.This provides powerful impetus and important support for the transformation of government governance in the late Qing Dynasty.However,the thinking logic and ruling system of the power’’unified world’’ precipitated in the distant imperial tradition seriously restricted the progress and effect of modern government governance in the late Qing Dynasty.Therefore,focusing on the specific action process of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty,this study further reflects and explores the goals,fundamental problems and implementation strategies of the construction of China’s modern administrative system.First,the goal of modern administrative system construction is the trinity.From the political dimension,politicians regard ’’state’’,’’rule of law’’ and ’’responsible government’’ as the basic symbol of the success of modern state construction or the basic goal of completing modern state construction,which is implemented at the administrative level,namely,the strength of government organization,the boundary of government behavior and the implementation of government responsibility.From the development process of public administration discipline growth and theory renewal,it focuses on the core domain of ’’constructing and optimizing modern administrative system’’.Public administration experts specifically from the’’modern administrative organization system’’,’’modern administrative behavior system’’ and ’’modern administrative responsibility system’’ and other angles launched a continuous discussion.Combined with the academic achievements of political science and public administration,this study establishes the normative structure of the trinity of modern administrative system with modern administrative organization system,modern administrative behavior system and modern administrative responsibility system as the basic content.The establishment of mechanisms to control administrative power from the perspectives of constitution,legislation and judicature provides evaluation criteria for examining the reform actions implemented by the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty.Second,the fundamental problem of modern administrative system construction is to get out of management paradox.The power structure and institutional logic of the traditional bureaucratic system will be dominated by management paradox in the actual operation process.At the same time,there are two unrestricted power subjects free from the formal system,which are unrestricted imperial power on the top and unsupervised bureaucratic power on the bottom.The so-called ’’management paradox’’ refers to a contradictory situation in power operation and actual management caused by the special association mechanism between organizational structure and management objects.Specifically,it refers to the mismatch between the trend of the organization’s power,ability and resources and the size of the organization’s task scale.Therefore,the organizational structure presents the shape of ’’inverted triangle’’,namely,’’a configuration’’,which will induce a series of consequences in the process of organizational operation and actual management,such as ’’the imbalance of power and responsibility’’,’’the separation of name and reality’’,and ’’the manufacture of exceptions’ ’,namely,’’three groups of consequences’ ’.Therefore,the primary task of opening up the construction of modern administrative system in the late Qing Dynasty is to remove the shackles of management paradox.Third,the concrete implementation of modern administrative system construction needs structural thinking.When social forces and public space have expanded dramatically,it is no longer effective to focus on improving organizational functions,expanding organizational size or even strengthening core authority.Only a fundamental structural change can completely get rid of the management paradox.Structural reform means that starting from the height of modern state-making,we should jump out of the existing institutional framework,so as to introduce the external power of the system,that is,the public,into the process of institutional change,and then rooted in the daily state and from both sides,put public power under the control of the rule of law and the system,so as to realize the organic combination of public administration,rule of law administration and responsibility administration.Specifically,it starts with the center of power,reconfigures state authority on the basis of the constitutional establishment of ’’rights under the law’’ and civil rights,and determines the hierarchy of the organization with clear legal norms,such as the central-local relationship,timely enriches grass-roots government organizations.At the same time,at the local level,the supervision right is handed back to the local public in time to reduce the cost of institutional operation,breaks the configuration of ’’inverted triangle’’ and realizes’ ’authority-responsibility consistency’’ and ’’agreement between name and reality’’.Of course,due to the possible deviation in material collection and theoretical uptake,this study still needs to be refined in continuous thinking to be sublimated again.